Rachel Dübendorfer

Dübendorfer was born in Warsaw, Poland in 1900.[2] She was the daughter of Adolf Hepner,[2] and was Jewish.[3][4] She moved to Germany in the 1920s and moved to Nürensdorf, Switzerland in 1933.[2] She was married twice: first to German lawyer Kurt Caspary in c.1921, then to Swissman Henri Dübendorfer, which allowed her to gain Swiss citizenship in 1934. She divorced in 1946 and became the lover of Paul Böttcher.[5] She died in 1973 in East Berlin, East Germany.[2]

In 1918, Dübendorfer joined the Communist Party of Germany.[1] In 1927, Dübendorfer joined the Soviet Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU),[1][2] where she worked alongside Paul Böttcher.[2] At the start of the Second World War, she worked as a secretary at the League of Nations International Labour Organization and also led a group of Swiss communist informants in Geneva, Switzerland.[4] Dübendorfer began receiving sensitive information from sources in the organisation.[6] She received intelligence reports from German refugee Rudolf Roessler[7][8] (nicknamed Lucy)[5][6] in return for not revealing his identity.[8] Their operation was known as the Lucy spy ring.[5] In 1942, Dübendorfer received German military information about the planned Case Blue invasion of the Soviet Union (USSR), which was eventually transmitted to the Soviet Union.[6]

In 1941, Dübendorfer met Alexander Radó for the first time.[4] In 1942, she was in a section of Rado's Red Three resistance movement.[7] Others in the movement included Georges Blun and Otto Pünter.[5][9] Initially, Dübendorfer did not mention to Radó the name of Roessler, her most important informant.[3] In November 1943, Dübendorfer became the lone Red Three member after leaders, including Radó, were arrested and imprisoned.[10] Dübendorfer tried unsuccessfully to contact Moscow through Hermina Rabinovitch, a friend who lived in Montreal, Canada.[11] Afterwards, Dübendorfer refused to co-operate with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and did not want to send information back to Moscow.[5] She provided information to MI6 officers in Switzerland, under the proviso that this information was not shared with Moscow.[3] In April 1944, Dübendorfer and Böttcher were captured.[10] She was imprisoned in the USSR and later East Germany from 1946 until 1956 and so she never became a leader.[1]