Phaneropterinae
The Phaneropterinae, the bush katydids or leaf katydids, are a subfamily of insects within the family Tettigoniidae.[2][3] Nearly 2060 species in 85 genera throughout the world are known. They are also known as false katydids[4] or round-headed katydids.[2]
| Phaneropterinae | |
|---|---|
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| Female Phaneroptera nana | |
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| Male Isophya pyrenaea | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Ensifera |
| Family: | Tettigoniidae |
| Subfamily: | Phaneropterinae Burmeister, 1838[1] |
| Synonyms | |
| |
The name Phaneropterinae is based upon the Old World genus Phaneroptera, meaning "visible wing",[5] referring to the exposed tips of the inner wings.
Adult Phaneropterinae species with eggs
Description
The legs of individuals in this subfamily vary from genus to genus, but, as in nearly all Orthoptera, the posterior (rear) legs are adapted to leaping, and as such are always much longer than other legs.
The Phaneropterinae are largely arboreal in habitat.[2] The vast majority of species live in shrubs and trees, feeding on leaves and twigs.[2] Some species might potentially cause significant damage, though usually superficial, when present in large numbers, but this is rare; they usually are solitary, unlike meadow grasshoppers, so much so that they seldom come to human notice.[2]
The ovipositor and male genitalia vary according to the genus. The Phaneropterinae differ from other subfamilies of Tettigoniidae (and other Orthoptera) in their oviposition; their eggs are rarely deposited in the earth, but are either glued in double rows to twigs, or are inserted in the edges of leaves.[2]
Taxonomy
The subfamily Phaneropterinae was first erected in 1838 by German zoologist Hermann Burmeister.[3] As of January 2019, Orthoptera Species File lists the following tribes, subtribes, genus groups, and genera.[3]
Acrometopini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Europe, the Middle East, Africa
_%5E_subfamily_Phaneropterinae_-_Flickr_-_gailhampshire.jpg)
- Acrometopa Fieber, 1853
- Altihoratosphaga Hemp, Voje, Heller & Hemp, 2010
- Conchotopoda Karsch, 1887
- Horatosphaga Schaum, 1853
- Lamecosoma Ragge, 1960
- Peronura Karsch, 1889
- Peronurella Hemp, 2017
- Prosphaga Ragge, 1960
- Tenerasphaga Hemp, 2017
Amblycoryphini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Americas, Africa
- Plangiina Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
- Madagascarantia Massa, 2017
- Monteiroa Karsch, 1889
- Paraplangia Heller, 2018
- Plangia Stål, 1873
- Pseudoplangia Massa, 2014
- Subtribe not assigned
- Agaurella Uvarov, 1939
- Amblycorypha Stål, 1873
- Eurycorypha Stål, 1873
- Orophus Saussure, 1859
- Oxygonatium Ragge, 1980
- Plangiodes Chopard, 1954
Barbitistini
Auth.: Jacobson, 1905 – Europe to central Asia
-001.JPG)
Male Barbitistes obtusus
Isophya species mating
- Ancistrura Uvarov, 1921
- Andreiniimon Capra, 1937
- Barbitistes Charpentier, 1825
- Dasycercodes Bei-Bienko, 1951
- Euconocercus Bei-Bienko, 1950
- Isoimon Bei-Bienko, 1954
- Isophya Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Kurdia Uvarov, 1916
- Leptophyes Fieber, 1853
- Metaplastes Ramme, 1939
- Orthocercodes Bei-Bienko, 1951
- Parapoecilimon Karabag, 1975
- Phonochorion Uvarov, 1916
- Poecilimon Fischer, 1853
- Polysarcus Fieber, 1853
Catoptropterigini
Auth.: Massa, 2016 – Africa
- Catoptropteryx Karsch, 1890
- Griffinipteryx Massa, 2016
Ducetiini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Africa, India, China, Indochina to Australia
Ducetia sp.
- Abaxisotima Gorochov, 2005
- Agnapha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Ducetia Stål, 1874
- Kuwayamaea Matsumura & Shiraki, 1908
- Noia Walker, 1870
- Paraducetia Gorochov & Kang, 2002
- Paragnapha Willemse, 1923
- Prohimerta Hebard, 1922
- Shirakisotima Furukawa, 1963
- Subibulbistridulous Shi, 2002
Dysoniini
Auth.: Rehn, 1950 – tropical Americas
- Genus group Dysonia (temporary)
- Dysonia White, 1862
- Lichenodentix Cadena-Castañeda, 2011
- Lichenomorphus Cadena-Castañeda, 2011
- Genus group Markia Cadena-Castañeda, 2013
- Apolinaria Rehn, 1950
- Lichenodraculus Braun, 2011
- Machima Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Machimoides Rehn, 1950
- Markia White, 1862
- Genus group Paraphidniae Cadena-Castañeda, 2016
- Anaphidna Gorochov & Cadena-Castañeda, 2012
- Paraphidnia Giglio-Tos, 1898
- Genus group not assigned
- Hammatofera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Quiva Hebard, 1927
- Yungasacris Rehn, 1950
Ectemnini
Auth.: Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – tropical Americas
- Ectemna Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Euthyrrhachis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
Elimaeini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 – Asia
Elimaea punctifera
- Ectadia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Elimaea Stål, 1874
- Hemielimaea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Orthelimaea Karny, 1926
Holochlorini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Africa, Asia-Pacific
.jpg)
Holochlora japonica female laying eggs
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Poecilopsyra octoseriata
- Ancylecha Serville, 1838
- Arantia Stål, 1874
- Arnobia Stål, 1876
- Calopsyra Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Casigneta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Cesasundana Koçak & Kemal, 2009
- Dapanera Karsch, 1889
- Elbenia Stål, 1876
- Furnia Stål, 1876
- Gonatoxia Karsch, 1889
- Holochlora Stål, 1873
- Leucopodoptera Rentz & Webber, 2003
- Liotrachela Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Molpa Walker, 1870
- Parapsyra Carl, 1914
- Phaulula Bolívar, 1906
- Phygela Stål, 1876
- Poecilopsyra Dohrn, 1892
- Pseudopsyra Hebard, 1922
- Psyrana Uvarov, 1940
- Rectimarginalis Liu & Kang, 2007
- Ruidocollaris Liu, 1993
- Sinochlora Tinkham, 1945
- Stibaroptera Bolívar, 1906
- Stictophaula Hebard, 1922
- Sympaestria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Tapiena Bolívar, 1906
Insarini
Auth.: Rehn, & Hebard, 1914 – tropical & subtropical Americas
_(9-10-10)_yard%2C_west_of_patagonia%2C_scc%2C_az_-01_(4980310612).jpg)
Arethaea sp.
- Arethaea Stål, 1876
- Brachyinsara Rehn & Hebard, 1914
- Insara Walker, 1869
- Psilinsara Hebard, 1932
Kevaniellini
Auth.: Massa, 2017 – eastern Africa
- Kevaniella Chopard, 1954
Microcentrini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Americas
- Acropsis Uvarov, 1939
- Anapolisia Piza, 1980
- Apoballa Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Ischyra Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Lamprophyllum Hebard, 1924
- Lobophyllus Saussure, 1859
- Microcentrum Scudder, 1862
- Petaloptera Saussure, 1859
- Philophyllia Stål, 1873
- Phoebolampta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Syntechna Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
Mirolliini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Asia
- Amirollia Ingrisch, 2011
- Deflorita Bolívar, 1906
- Hemimirollia Ingrisch, 2011
- Hueikaeana Ingrisch, 1998
- Mirollia Stål, 1873
Morgeniini
Auth.: Karsch, 1890
- Mangomaloba Sjöstedt, 1902
- Morgenia Karsch, 1890
Odonturini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Americas, Iberian peninsular, Africa, Pacific islands
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- Genus group Dichopetala (temporary)
- Acanthorintes Cohn, Swanson & Fontana, 2014
- Dichopetala Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Gymnocerca Cohn, Swanson & Fontana, 2014
- Mactruchus Cohn, Swanson & Fontana, 2014
- Obolopteryx Cohn, Swanson & Fontana, 2014
- Planipollex Cohn, Swanson & Fontana, 2014
- Pterodichopetala Buzzetti, Barrientos-Lozano & Rocha-Sánchez, 2010
- Rhabdocerca Cohn, Swanson & Fontana, 2014
- Genus group not assigned
- Angara Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Anisophya Karabag, 1960
- Arachnitus Hebard, 1932
- Arostratum Massa, 2015
- Atlasacris Rehn, 1914
- Cohnia Buzzetti, Fontana & Carotti, 2010
- Monticolaria Sjöstedt, 1909
- Nanoleptopoda Braun, 2011
- Odontura Rambur, 1838
- Odonturoides Ragge, 1980
- Paraperopyrrhicia Ebner, 1915
- Peropyrrhicia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Xenicola Uvarov, 1940
Otiaphysini
Auth.: Karsch, 1889
- Debrona Walker, 1870
- Drepanophyllum Karsch, 1890
- Stenamblyphyllum Karsch, 1896
- Tetraconcha Karsch, 1890
Pardalotini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Pardalota Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Poecilogramma Karsch, 1887
Percynini
Auth.: Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – South America
- Percyna Grant, 1964
- Sictuna Walker, 1869
Phaneropterini
Auth.: Burmeister, 1838 – distributed worldwide
Phaneroptera nana nymph
- Anaulacomerina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Central and South America
- Abrodiaeta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Anaulacomera Stål, 1873
- Grammadera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Mendesius Piza, 1960
- Montealegrezia Cadena-Castañeda, 2012
- Phaneropteroides Piza, 1971
- Rostellula Gorochov, 2018
- Separatula Gorochov, 2018
- Tenellulus Cadena-Castañeda, 2012
- Pelecynotina Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – South America
- Pelecynotum Piza, 1967
- Viadanina Cadena-Castañeda, 2012 – Central and South America
- Tomeophera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Viadana Walker, 1869
- Subtribe not assigned
- Agennis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Chloroscirtus Saussure & Pictet, 1897
- Dioncomena Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Dithela Karsch, 1890
- Eucatopta Karsch, 1889
- Melidia Stål, 1876
- Nephoptera Uvarov, 1929
- Parapyrrhicia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Phaneroptera Serville, 1831
- Pigalua Massa, 2017
- Pleothrix Ragge, 1980
- Pseudophaneroptera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Symmetrokarschia Massa, 2015
- Symmetroraggea Massa, 2015
- Xenodoxus Carl, 1914
Phlaurocentrini
Auth.: Karsch, 1889 – Africa
- Buettneria Karsch, 1889
- Leiodontocercus Chopard, 1954
- Phlaurocentrum Karsch, 1889
Phyllopterini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Phyllopterina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Central and South America
- Apocerycta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Arota Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Cephalophylloptera Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
- Hyperphrona Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Hyperphorina Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
- Itarissa Walker, 1869
- Julchiella Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
- Meneghelia Piza, 1980
- Metaprosagoga Vignon, 1930
- Phrixa (insect) Stål, 1874
- Phylloptera Serville, 1831
- Resecabimus Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
- Uberabina Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – South America
- Polichnodes Giglio-Tos, 1898
- Uberaba Bruner, 1915
Plagiopleurini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – South America
- Diplophyllus Saussure, 1859
- Parableta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Plagiopleura Stål, 1873
Plangiopsidini
Auth.: Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – Africa
- Plangiola Bolívar, 1906
- Plangiopsis Karsch, 1889
Poreuomenini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Africa
- Cestromoecha Karsch, 1893
- Paraporeuomena Massa, 2018
- Poreuomena Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
Preussiini
Auth.: Karsch, 1890 – Africa
- Enochletica Karsch, 1896
- Preussia Karsch, 1890
- Weissenbornia Karsch, 1888
Pycnopalpini
Auth.: Cadena-Castañeda, 2014 – Central and South America
- Pycnopalpina Cadena-Castañeda, 2014
- Hetaira (insect) Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Montezumina Hebard, 1925
- Pycnopalpa Serville, 1838
- Topanga Walker, 1869
- Theiina Cadena-Castañeda, 2014
- Dolichocercus Rehn & Hebard, 1914
- Oxyprorella Giglio-Tos, 1898
- Theia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Theiella Cadena-Castañeda, 2014
Scudderiini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Americas
Scudderia sp.
- Aganacris Walker, 1871
- Caroliniella Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
- Ceraia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Ceraiaella Hebard, 1933
- Ctenophorema Piza, 1967
- Euceraia Hebard, 1927
- Harroweria Hebard, 1927
- Homotoicha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Inscudderia Caudell, 1921
- Ligocatinus Rehn, 1901
- Parascudderia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Phanerocercus Piza, 1980
- Scudderia Stål, 1873
- Theudoria Stål, 1874
- Vellea Walker, 1869
- Zenirella Piza, 1973
Steirodontini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – South America
- Cnemidophyllum Rehn, 1917
- Emsleyfolium Cadena-Castañeda, Mendes & Alves-Oliveira, 2016
- Nicklephyllum Cadena-Castañeda, 2016
- Steirodon Serville, 1831
- Stilpnochlora Stål, 1873
Terpnistrini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Africa, Sri Lanka
- Diogena Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Gelotopoia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Terpnistria Stål, 1873
- Terpnistrioides Ragge, 1980
- Tropidophrys Karsch, 1896
Trigonocoryphini
Auth.: Bei-Bienko, 1954 – Middle East, India, Malaysia
- Cosmozoma Karsch, 1889
- Megotoessa Karsch, 1889
- Trigonocorypha Stål, 1873
Tylopsidini
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Africa, Europe, Middle East, western Asia
- Tylopsis Fieber, 1853
Vossiini
Auth.: Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – Africa, Asia
- Vossiina Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – Africa
- Azamia Bolívar, 1906
- Vossia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Xantiina Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – Asia
- Paraxantia Liu & Kang, 2009 – China
- Xantia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Borneo
Zeuneriini
_(6812341511).jpg)
Zeuneria melanopeza
Auth.: Karsh, 1890 - tropical Africa
- Gravenreuthia Karsch, 1892
- Zeuneria Karsch, 1889
Genus groups and other incertae sedis
Subtribe Trachyzulphina Gorochov, 2014 – China, Indochina, Malesia
- Trachyzulpha Dohrn, 1892
Genus groups include:
Male Acripeza reticulata
.jpg)
- Acridopezae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Australia
- Acripeza Guérin-Méneville, 1832
- Aegimiae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Central and South America
- Aegimia Stål, 1874
- Aniarae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – South America, E. Africa
- Aniarella Bolívar, 1906
- Burgilis Stål, 1873
- Corymeta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Coryphoda Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Hyperophora Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Pseudoburgilis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Tetana Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Centroferae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – South America
- Centrofera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Cosmophylla Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – South America, Madagascar, Australia
- Cosmophyllum Blanchard, 1851
- Engonia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Marenestha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Ozphyllum Rentz, Su & Ueshima, 2007
- Paracosmophyllum Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Stenophyllia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Dysmorphae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Malesia
- Dysmorpha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Ephippithytae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Vietnam, Papua New Guinea, Australia
- Alectoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1879
- Caedicia Stål, 1874
- Currimundria Rentz, Su & Ueshima, 2008
- Diastella Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Dicorypha Krauss, 1902
- Ephippitytha Serville, 1838
- Kurandoptera Rentz, Su & Ueshima, 2008
- Polichne Stål, 1874
- Protina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1879
- Symmachis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Torbia Walker, 1869
- Eurypalpae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Eastern China, Vietnam, Sumatra, Australia
- Ceratopompa Karsch, 1890
- Zulpha Walker, 1870
- Isopserae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Eastern Africa, India, Indochina, Malesia
- Isopsera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Pelerinus Bolívar, 1906
- Pseudopyrrhizia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Karschiae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Karschia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Leptoderae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Sri Lanka, Malesia
- Leptoderes Serville, 1838
- Pseudophaneropterae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Sri Lanka, Sumatra
- Pseudophaneroptera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- ScambophyllaBrunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Indochina, Malesia
- Scambophyllum Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Scaphurae Westwood, 1838 – South America
- Scaphura Kirby, 1825
- Taeniomenae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Australia
- Elephantodeta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Tinzeda Walker, 1869
- Turpiliae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Central America, Caribbean
- Turpilia Stål, 1874
- Turpiliodes Hebard, 1932
These genera have not been placed in a tribe:
- Alloducetia Xia & Liu, 1992
- Anchispora Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Angustithorax Massa, 2015
- Anisotochra Karsch, 1889
- Anormalous Liu, 2011
- Aphroptera Bolívar, 1902
- Astathomima Karny, 1929
- Austrodontura Fontana & Buzzetti, 2004
- Balneum Piza, 1967
- Baryprostha Karsch, 1891
- Bertius Piza, 1974
- Bongeia Sjöstedt, 1902
- Brinckiella Chopard, 1955
- Brycoptera Ragge, 1981
- Bueacola Sjöstedt, 1912
- Chinensis Özdikmen, 2009
- Chloroscirtus Saussure & Pictet, 1897
- Choirorhynchus Piza, 1974
- Conversifastigia Liu & Kang, 2008
- Corycomima Karsch, 1896
- Diastellidea Bolívar, 1902
- Dicranopsyra Dohrn, 1892
- Ectomoptera Ragge, 1980
- Elbeniopsis Dohrn, 1906
- Enthephippion Bruner, 1915
- Ephippitythoidea Tepper, 1892
- Eulioptera Ragge, 1956
- Eulophophyllum Hebard, 1922
- Euryastes Ragge, 1980
- Euxenica Bruner, 1915
- Execholyrus Henry, 1940
- Gabonella Uvarov, 1940
- Gatunella Uvarov, 1940
- Gelatopoiidion Zacher, 1909
- Gregoryella Uvarov, 1925
- Harposcepa Karsch, 1896
- Indogneta Ingrisch & Shishodia, 2000
- Itokiia Sjöstedt, 1902
- Ivensia Bolívar, 1890
- Japygophana Carl, 1921
- Khaoyaiana Ingrisch, 1990
- Ladnea Walker, 1869
- Lunidia Hemp, 2010
- Macedna Karsch, 1891
- Materuana Hemp, 2017
- Meruterrana Sjöstedt, 1912
- Milititsa Burr, 1900
- Miltinobates Sjöstedt, 1902
- Mimoscudderia Carl, 1914
- Myllocentrum Ragge, 1962
- Natricia Walker, 1869
- Nesoscirtella Carl, 1914
- Niphella Bolívar, 1900
- Oxyecous Chopard, 1935
- Paracaedicia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
- Parapelerinus Liu & Kang, 2008
- Paraphylloptera Carl, 1914
- Parapolichne Bolívar, 1902
- Phaneroptila Uvarov, 1957
- Physocorypha Karsch, 1896
- Platycaedicia Hebard, 1922
- Platylyra Scudder, 1898
- Polygamus Carl, 1914
- Procaedicia Bolívar, 1902
- Pronomapyga Rehn, 1914
- Pseudomacedna Liu, 2014
- Pseudopreussia Hemp, 2017
- Puerula Bolívar, 1906
- Qinlingea Liu & Kang, 2007
- Raggeiella Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
- Raggophyllum Nickle, 1967
- Sanabria Walker, 1869
- Scolocerca Ragge, 1980
- Semicarinata Liu & Kang, 2007
- Sikoriella Carl, 1914
- Stylomolpa Karny, 1926
- Sympaestroides Willemse, 1942
- Tamdaopteron Gorochov, 2005
- Tropidonotacris Chopard, 1954
Female Eulophophyllum thaumasium.jpg)
Paracaedicia serrata
References
- Burmeister H (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie 2 2(I-VIII):684
- Blatchley WS. 1920. Orthoptera of northeastern America, Family VII. Tettigoniidae, Subfamily I, Phaneropterinae. Indianapolis, IN: Nature Publishing. 784 p. Phaneropterinae (pp. 459-494)
- Cigliano, M. M.; Braun, H.; Eades, D. C.; Otte, D. "subfamily Phaneropterinae Burmeister, 1838". orthoptera.speciesfile.org. Orthoptera Species File. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
- Walker, Thomas J. "Singing Insects of North America (SINA), Phaneropterinae". Retrieved 2 January 2019.
- Jaeger, Edmund Carroll (1959). A source-book of biological names and terms. Springfield, Ill: Thomas. ISBN 0-398-06179-3.
External links
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