Pan-African flag

Sheet music for "Every Race Has a Flag but the Coon"

The flag was created in 1920 by members of UNIA in response to the coon song that became a hit around 1900 "Every Race Has a Flag but the Coon".[3][4] This song has been cited as one of the three songs that "firmly established the term coon in the American vocabulary". In a 1927 report of a 1921 speech appearing in the Negro World weekly newspaper, Marcus Garvey was quoted as saying:[5]

Show me the race or the nation without a flag, and I will show you a race of people without any pride. Aye! In song and mimicry they have said, "Every race has a flag but the coon." How true! Aye! But that was said of us four years ago. They can't say it now. ...

The Universal Negro Catechism, published by the UNIA in 1921, refers to the colors of the flag meaning:[6]

Red is the color of the blood which men must shed for their redemption and liberty; black is the color of the noble and distinguished race to which we belong; green is the color of the luxuriant vegetation of our Motherland.

Journalist Charles Mowbray White has asserted that Garvey proposed the colors red, black and green for the following reasons: "Garvey said red because of sympathy for the 'Reds of the world', and the Green their sympathy for the Irish in their fight for freedom, and the Black [for] the Negro."[7]

According to the UNIA more recently, the three colors on the Black Nationalist flag represent:

• red: the blood that unites all people of Black African ancestry, and shed for liberation;
• black: black people whose existence as a nation, though not a nation-state, is affirmed by the existence of the flag; and
• green: the abundant natural wealth of Africa.[8]

The Texas Black Liberation Flag

The flag later became a Black Nationalist symbol for the worldwide liberation of Black people. As an emblem of Black pride, the flag became popular during the Black Liberation movement of the 1960s. In 1971, the school board of Newark, New Jersey, passed a resolution permitting the flag to be raised in public school classrooms. Four of the board's nine members were not present at the time, and the resolution was introduced by the board's teen member, a mayoral appointee. Fierce controversy ensued, including a court order that the board show cause why they should not be forced to rescind the resolution, and at least two state legislative proposals to ban ethnic flags and national flags (other than the U.S. flag) in public classrooms.

In the United States, the flag is presently widely available through flag shops or ethnic specialty stores. It is commonly seen at parades commemorating Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, civil rights rallies, and other special events.

Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis

Flag of Kenya

David Hammons' African-American Flag

Flag of Biafra

Flag of the Republic of New Afrika

Flag of Malawi

The Biafran flag is another variant of this one, with a sunburst in the center. The colors are based directly off of Garvey's design. The flag of Malawi issued in 1964 is very similar, reflects the Black Nationalist flag's order of stripes. It is not directly based on Garvey's flag, although the colors have the same symbolism: Red for blood symbolizing the struggle of the people, green for vegetation, and black for the race of the people.

The African National Congress flag is three horizontal stripes, descending black, green, and dark yellow (gold).

The Kenyan flag (Swahili: Bendera ya Kenya) is a tricolor of black, red, and green with two white edges imposed, with a Masai shield and two crossed spears. It was officially adopted on 12 December 1963 after Kenya's independence, inspired by the pan-African tricolour.[13]

The United States Postal Service issued a stamp in 1997 to commemorate Kwanzaa with a painting by fine artist Synthia Saint James of a dark-skinned family wearing garments traditional in parts of Africa and fashionable for special occasions among African-Americans. The family members are holding food, gifts, and a flag. The flag in the stamp may have been meant to represent the Pan-African flag, However, instead of the stripes descending red, black, and green, the stamp's flag transposes the top two bands and descends black, red, and green.

In 1990, artist David Hammons created a work called African-American Flag, which is held by the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Based on the standard U.S. flag, its stripes are black and red, the field is green, and the stars on the field are black.[14]

In response to the controversy over the flying of the Confederate flag, an African American-run company called NuSouth[15] created a flag based on the Confederate naval jack, with the white stars and saltire outline replaced by green and the blue saltire made black.[16]

The flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis has similar colors, arranged diagonally and separated by yellow lines. It similar to the Malawian flag in that the colors are not directly taken from the Pan-African flag but the symbolism is the same.

The African American Flag in New York city

The flag goes by several other names with varying degrees of popularity:

• the Afro-American flag;
• the Bendera Ya Taifa (Kiswahili for "flag of the Nation"), in reference to its usage during Kwanzaa.
• the Black Liberation flag;
• the International African flag;
• the Marcus Garvey flag;
• the UNIA flag, after its originators;
• the Universal African flag;

In 1999, an article appeared in the July 25 edition of The Black World Today suggesting that, as an act of global solidarity, every August 17 should be celebrated worldwide as Universal African Flag Day by flying the red, black, and green banner. August 17 is the birthday of Marcus Garvey.

• Marcus Garvey
• Black Nationalism

• "Black Flag", unattributed article in Time magazine, December 13, 1971.

• Afro-American flags at Flags of the World non-commercial vexillology site
• Sheet music from the American Memory website of the Library of Congress
• 'Fly the Red, Black, and Green' article proposing holiday at The Black World Today, July 25, 1999
• Kwanzaa Stamp U.S. postage depicting similar flag, with explanatory press release
• MoMA Learning an educational exercise based on David Hammons' African-American Flag
• UNIA official website
• Nusouth website and flag