Paleobiota of the Posidonia Shale
The Posidonia Shale or Posidonienschiefer Formation is a geological formation of southwestern Germany, northern Switzerland, western Czech Republic, northwestern Austria, southeast Luxembourg and the Netherlands, that spans about 3 million years during the Early Jurassic period (early Toarcian stage). It is known for its detailed fossils, especially sea fauna, listed below.[1] Composed mostly by black shale, the formation is a Lagerstätte, where fossils show exceptional preservation (Including exquisite soft tissues), with a thickness that varies from about 1 m to about 40 m on the Rhine level, being on the main quarry at Holzmaden between 5 and 14 m.[1] Some of the preserved material has been transformed into fossil hydrocarbon Jet, specially wood remains, used for jewelry.[2] The exceptional preservation seen on the Posidonia Shale has been studied since the late 1800s, finding that a cocktail of chemical and environmental factors let to such an impressive conservation of the marine fauna.[2] The most common theory is the changes on the oxygen level, where the different anoxic events of the Toarcian left oxygen-depleted bottom waters, with the biota dying and falling to the bottom without any predator able to eat the dead bodies.[3]
![](../I/m/Seironcrinus_subangularis_Miller%2C_die_gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fte_fossile_Seelilien-Kolonie_(18_x_6_m).jpg)
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Invertebrata
Ichnofossils
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Burrowing and track ichnofossils |
Burrow-like ichnofossils, that can be related to Crustaceans, Annelids and Fishes.[52] The presence of this burrows changed along the different depositional layers, interpreted as result of relative magnitudes and durations of a series oxygenation events.[52] Increased Oxygen conditions eventually led to a level that permitted both the survival of larger Chondrites and Thalassinoides producing organisms, as well the depth of the Burrow-like structures.[52] The changes on the layers are detailed enough to know that oxygenation-change events duration was sufficient to allowe the migration and establishment of trace-producing organisms, establishing an "equilibrium" with bottom-water oxygen conditions.[52] |
![]() Thalassinoides found on the Posidonia Shale. | |
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Burrowing and track ichnofossils |
Burrow-like ichnofossils. Interpreted as the feeding burrow of a sediment-ingesting animal.[54] A more recent study has find that Scoloplos armiger and Heteromastus filiformis, occurring in the German Wadden Sea in the lower parts of tidal flats, make burrows that are homonymous with numerous trace fossils of the ichnogenus.[55] |
Illustration of Chondrites bollensis | |
Phymatoderma[56] |
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Burrowing and track ichnofossils. |
Burrow-like ichnofossils. It consists commonly on a subhorizontal branching burrow system consisting of radiating tunnels filled with fecal pellets.[56] It has been interpreted as a product made by an Endobenthic deposit-feeding animal, specially a Fodinichnia, burrows produced by benthonic subsurface food-mining activity, as is proved by the tunnels and pelletal infill.[56] The study of the Fecal Pellets has revelated that the maker of this ichnogenus was an epicontinental shelf setting non-selective deposit feeder, ingesting particles on the sediment surface without selection. A mode of feeding common on aquatic Benthos, reported on modern animals such as Spionid Polychaete worms, tropical Holothurians and Spatangoid urchins.[57] |
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Burrowing and track ichnofossils.[59] |
Burrow-like ichnofossils. It has been related to Echiuran annelids,[60] but also from moving and feeding polychaete worms.[61] |
![]() Example of Zoophycos fossil | |
Fucoides[62] |
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Burrowing and track ichnofossils. |
Burrow-like ichnofossils. Considered an "Algae incertae sedis" fossil, it was recovered subdivided into 16 different groups, being in 1880 along certain ichnofossil genera, such as Cruziana with a massive nomenclatural complexity. Considered now a feeding burrow of a sediment-ingesting animal, sometimes synonymized with Chondrites. |
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Burrowing and track ichnofossils. |
Burrow-like ichnofossils. It is controversial, since is considered a strictly a junior synonym of Palaeophycus.[64] |
![]() Example of Planolites fossil | |
Palaeophycus[65] |
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Burrowing and track ichnofossils. |
Burrow-like ichnofossils. Palaeophycus is considered related with Planolites, being a litoral fodichnia, probably from a Priapulidan. |
Example of Palaeophycus fossil |
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Burrowing and track ichnofossils. |
Burrow-like ichnofossils. It is interpreted as a grazing trail or Fodinichnia, produced at shallow depth in sediment by Polychaetes and Priapulids.[65] |
Example of Helminthopsis fossil | |
Gyrochorte[65] |
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Burrowing and track ichnofossils. |
Burrow-like ichnofossils. Gyrochorte is interpreted as a result of active digging on the sediment by deposit-feeding worm-like animal, probably an Annelid or similar kinds of creatures, such as Crustaceans, Sea Urchins, nearshore fishes, etc. |
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Cylindrichnus[65] |
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Burrowing and track ichnofossils. |
Burrow-like ichnofossils. Cylindrichnus isp. was found only on seashore-related sections, and probably represents litoral Polychaete Burrows.[66] |
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Burrowing and track ichnofossils. |
Burrow-like ichnofossils. Vertical or oblique complex trace fossil composed of a bunch of spindle-shaped structures and associated tubes, typical of a restricted environment (?estuarine/lagoonal). |
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Spongeliomorpha[65] |
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Burrows and associated traces |
Burrow-like ichnofossils. Spongeliomorpha is believed to come from the domicile of Crustaceans: Anomuras (Probably Eocarcinoidea) and Decapodans (Probably Glypheidae), created as they dig in a firm, semiconsolidated substrate. |
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Burrows and associated traces |
Burrow-like ichnofossils. Most Diplocraterion show only protrusive spreit, like the local ones, produced under predominantly erosive conditions where the organism was constantly burrowing deeper into the substrate as sediment was eroded from the top. It can be Made by Crustaceans, Annelids or other benthic fauna.[65] |
![]() Diplocraterion parallelum diagram | |
Anthozoa
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Polyps |
A stone cora of the family Caryophylliidae inside Hexacorallia. Related to shallow waters, this genus is the main coral found on the Posidonia Shale, resembling the modern Polycyathus muellerae. Its fossils are related with near-land facies, Coralline Islands and relatively small landmases shuch as the Bohemian Massif. |
![]() Thecocyathus mitrae from Banz | |
Porifera
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Specimens |
A sea sponge of the family Cribrospongiidae inside Sceptrulophora. Found on Shallow and basinal waters, some specimens get 22 cm wide, with a funnel-like morphology. It is relatively common on nearshore strata, but generally rare. |
![]() Cribrospongia specimen | |
Stauroderma[27] |
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Specimens |
A sea sponge (Glass sponge) of the family Staurodermatidae inside Hexactinellida. Found only on depth Basinal deposits, with a funnel like morphology attaining a diameter of at least 15 cm, with the exception of a large specimen of 30 cm diameter found on Dotternhausen. |
Stauroderma, a 30 cm diameter specimen from Dotternhausen |
Annelida
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A sessile, marine annelid tube worm of the family Serpulidae. Its affinities with the genus Serpula are controversial, since the genus is known mostly since Creataceus strata. Although there are other fossils assigned to the genus on same age deposits of France.[69] |
![]() Head of a modern Serpula vermicularis | |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A sessile, marine annelid tube worm of the family Serpulidae |
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Tetraserpula[72] |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A sessile, marine annelid tube worm of the family Serpulidae. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A sessile, marine annelid tube worm of the family Serpulidae. It show the characteristic features to live on soft mud ground. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A sessile, marine annelid tube worm of the family Serpulidae. It show the characteristic features to live on soft mud ground. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A sessile, marine annelid tube worm of the family Serpulidae. Pentaditrupa managed to lie freely on the mud, as shows that its tube's curvature provides stability to its position. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A sessile, marine annelid tube worm of the family Serpulidae. Denominated "Serpula" segmentata, it lacks the two longitudinal edges characteristic on Mucroserpula. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A polychaete worm of the family Sabellidae. |
![]() Example of Glomerula specimen | |
Dictyothylakos[77] |
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Leech cocoons |
Hirudinea cocoons, identified with palynological residues. The cocoons Dictyothylakos are common on flooded basin sediments, and implies not only the presence of parasitic leeches, but also the presence of large hosts nearby. |
![]() Example of Leech Cocoon |
Mollusca
Bivalvia
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
An oxytomid scallop. |
![]() Colony of specimens | |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
An oxytomid scallop. |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
A pectinoid scallop. |
![]() Single specimen | |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
A pectinoid scallop. |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
A propeamussiid mud scallop. |
![]() Various specimens on the same rock | |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
A plicatulid mud scallop. |
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20.000 specimens/m2 |
A "posidoniid" ostreoidan. It is the type fossil of the Posidonia Shale. Originally it was named "Posidonia bronni", thought to be a new genus, and the strata was denominated the Posidonia layers after it. Years later it turned out to be a junior synonym of Bositra, and thus, it was reassigned. However, the name of the layers was retained. The habitat and mode of life of Bositra has been debated for more than a century. There have been different interpretations, such as a pseudoplanktonic organism,[85] a benthic organism[86] related to open marine floor, where it was the main inhabitant of the basinal settings,[87][88] a free swimming mode of life filtering phytoplankton,[84] and a hybrid mode, where it has a life cycle with holopelagic reproduction controlled by the change on Oxygen levels,[89] and even a chemosymbiotic lifestile, related to the large crinoid rafts, being the main "Safe conduct" to evade anoxic events.[90] All the opinions along the years led to a large study in 1998, where the size/frequency distribution, the density of growth thanks to the lines related to the shell size and the position of the redox boundary by total organic carbon diagrams has revealed that Bositra probably had a benthic mode of life.[91] |
![]() Thousands of specimens in one matrix | |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
A "posidoniid" ostreoidan. Another Genera mistaken with "Posidonia bronni". |
![]() Various specimens in one matrix | |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
A bakevelliid mud oyster. |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
Various specimens | ||
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Thousands of Specimens. |
![]() Various specimens | ||
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Thousands of Specimens. |
An inoceramid clam. Being the second most common genera of Bivalve on the Formation, it had been object to several studies to find its ecological niche, like Bositra. Several opinions include a pseudoplanktonic-only organism, able to live in open sea,[88] or a benthonic-only organism.[87] On the 1998 evaluation with Bositra, was found that probably has a benthic early life that translated to a faculatively pseudoplanktonic mode of adult life.[91] |
![]() Single specimen | |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
A cucullaeid clam. |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
A pholadomyid clam. |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
A mactromyid clam. |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
A pleuromyid clam. |
![]() Pleuromya uniformis, two specimens | |
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Thousands of Specimens. |
![]() Plagiostoma giganteum, specimen multiview | ||
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Thousands of Specimens. |
A pennospiriferinid rhynchonellatan. |
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Gastropoda
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Docens of Specimens. |
A Coelodiscidae sea Snail. The is the oldest known holoplanktonic gastropod, thanks to a bilateral symmetrical shells as an adaption to active swimming. Also the most common of the sea snails of the Formation, it is also one of the most varied in size terms, with some of the biggest specimens of snail from the Lower Toarcian know.[92] It has been related to large floating driftwood as one of the primary settlers.[92] |
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Tatediscus[93] |
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Docens of Specimens. |
A Coelodiscidae sea Snail. Possible holoplanktonic gastropod.[92] |
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Docens of Specimens. |
A Procerithiidae sea Snail. |
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Toarctocera[94] |
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Docens of Specimens. |
An Aporrhaidae sea Snail. Among the latest described from the formation, is one of the earliest certain aporrhaidae. Characterised by large spines growing at the head of the cunch. |
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Docens of Specimens. |
A Cryptaulacidae sea Snail. |
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Docens of Specimens. |
A Neritariidae sea Snail. |
![]() Single specimen | |
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Docens of Specimens. |
A Zygopleuridae sea Snail. |
![]() Specimens | |
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Docens of Specimens. |
A Zygopleuridae sea Snail. |
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Docens of Specimens. |
![]() Specimens | ||
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Docens of Specimens. |
A Trochidae sea Snail. Characterised by a rhomboid scaly pattern on the teleoconch whorls. |
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Docens of Specimens. |
A Pleurotomariidae sea Snail. |
![]() Specimen | |
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Docens of Specimens. |
An Eotomariidae sea Snail. |
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Various specimens. |
A Pterotracheidae sea Slug. Among the oldest pelagic floating Slugs, Pterotrachea liassica had a more extended larval period than modern extant Pterotrachea coronata, because one additional whorl is Present.[95] |
Modern Specimen | |
Cephalopoda
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Nautilidae Nautilidan. Includes the largest specimen of Cenoceras known, with 80 cm width. |
![]() Nautilidae shell from Banz, probably Cenoceras | |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Lytoceratidae Ammonite. Lytoceras can get quite big, with nearly 50 cm in diameter. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
![]() Grammoceras specimen from Banz | ||
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Multiple Specimens. |
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Pseudogrammoceras[100] |
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Multiple Specimens. |
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Hudlestonia[97] |
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Multiple Specimens. |
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Catulloceras[97] |
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Multiple Specimens. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
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Cotteswoldia[97] |
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Multiple Specimens. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
![]() Harpoceras specimen | ||
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Multiple Specimens. |
Tiltoniceras specimen | ||
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Multiple Specimens. |
Hildoceras specimen | ||
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Multiple Specimens. |
![]() Mercaticeras specimen | ||
Eleganticeras[103] |
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Multiple Specimens. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
![]() Dactylioceras commune on Holzmaden | ||
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Multiple Specimens. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
Type Coeloceratidae Ammonite. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Phylloceratidae Ammonite. The largest ammonite found in the Posidonienschiefer comes from the Ohmden quarry,and belongs to a Phylloceras heterophyllum with a diameter of 87 cm.[103] |
![]() Phylloceras restoration | |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Phymatoceratidae Ammonite. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Phymatoceratidae Ammonite. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Phymatoceratidae Ammonite. |
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Loligosepia[107] |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Loligosepiidae Loligosepiidan.[108] The Loligosepiidae is believed to be ancestral to the Recent vampire squid, Vampyroteuthis infernalis.[109] |
Loligosepia Holzmaden specimen |
Jeletzkyteuthis[110] |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Loligosepiidae Loligosepiidan. Related to the modern Vampyroteuthis infernalis. |
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Geopeltis[111] |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Loligosepiidae Loligosepiidan. Related to the modern Vampyroteuthis infernalis. |
![]() Geopeltis specimen |
Parabelopeltis[112] |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Loligosepiidae Loligosepiidan. Related to the modern Vampyroteuthis infernalis. |
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Chitinobelus[113] |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Belemnotheutidae Belemnite. Chitinobelus is an extrange fossil, sice the rostrum was composed of aragonite with organic material, while normal Belemnites had calcite. Has been suggested this rostrum was calcitic. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Belemnotheutidae Belemnite. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Belemnotheutidae Belemnite. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Megateuthididae Belemnite. Includes some of the Biggest Know Belemnites, with stimated maximum up to 4.5 m long in life, altrougth, most specimens would have been rather smaller. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Megateuthididae Belemnite. |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Megateuthididae Belemnite. Includes really large specimens |
![]() Youngibelus Reconstruction | |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Passaloteuthididae Belemnite. |
![]() Passaloteuthis Holzmaden specimen | |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Salpingoteuthididae Belemnite. |
![]() Salpingoteuthis specimen | |
Clarkeiteuthis[119] |
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Diplobelidae Coleoidean. It has been found adult individuals of Clarkeiteuthis which caught small teleost fish of the species Leptolepis bronni. Further indirect evidence for the hunting behaviour comes from their body orientation in the water during life.[120] |
Clarkeiteuthis Holzmaden specimen |
Lioteuthis[121] |
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Various Specimens. |
Type member of the Lioteuthididae Squid family. The taxonomic position of Lioteuthis is uncertain, although the wings reaching the proximal gladius section and the smooth median field suggest affinity to the Prototeuthididae[121] |
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Various Specimens. |
A Teudopseina Squid. |
![]() Teudopsis Ohmden specimen | |
Geotheutis[123] |
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Various Specimens. |
A possible primigenial Cuttlefish. Is one of the most important fossils of Cephalopods on the Posidonia Shale, due to be one of the Earliest examples of Pigments found on any species, also one of the first historically.[124] The pigments are preserved on various specimens with Eumelanin related to its ink sacs and include even phosphatized musculature.[125] |
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Arthropoda
Cycloidea
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Partial Specimens. |
The First Cycloid Arthropod from the Jurassic, from the family Cycloidae inside Cycloidea.[126] Cycloids are a group of maxillopod arthropods that span between the Paleozoic until the latest Cretaceous, probably related to the crustaceans and probably detritivores.[126] |
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Malacostraca
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Orhomalus[127] |
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Partial Specimens. |
A hermit crab of the family Paguroidea. Hermit crabs are common of the marine layers of the lower Jurassic Europe, mostly on the Pliensbachian-Toarcian Boundary of France and Germany. Orthomalus is a small sized crab, probably inhabitant of nearshore waters, and even deltaic and beach environments, similar to modern genera. |
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Single Specimen inside an Ammonite Shell. |
An hermit crab of the family Paguridae. |
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Nearly complete & Partial Specimens. |
An Astacidea Decapodan of the family Uncinidae. Reaching large sizes of almost half a meter (39–47 cm), Uncina Posidoniae is among the largest know Jurassic Crustaceans. Uncina posidoniae is also the largest representative of the genus Uncina.[130] This large crustacean has been found associated with Ammonite and Bivalve filled Bentos, where probably hunted different kinds of prey.[130] Its large claws would have been perfect for hunt small invertebrates and vertebrates.[130] |
![]() Uncina posidoniae specimen The Largest complete Uncina posidoniae specimen, with 44 cm long. | |
Tonneleryon[131] |
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Partial Specimens and complete Specimens |
A gregarious Polychelidan Lobster. |
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Partial Specimens. |
A Coleiidae Decapodan. The largest Coeloid from the formation, P. giganteus is a species reaching a larger size than most other polychelidans, with up to 15 cm. On the Posidonia Shale there is the most abundant variety of species from the genus, ranging from different sizes and morphologies, that indicate different habitat & feeding adaptations on the genus. Some like P. hartmani show less adaptations to hunt for small nectobenthic preys than other relatives, being abundant on Oyster-filled waters. There is a relatively abundance of the genus in deep-water settings from the Toarcian onward.[137] |
![]() Proeryon hartmanni specimen from Banz Proeryon sp. specimen from Schandelah | ||
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Partial Specimens. |
A Penaeidae Decapodan. |
Antrimpos specimen | |
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Partial Specimens. |
A Erymidae Decapodan. |
Palaeastacus specimen | |
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Complete Specimens. Includes specimens inside ammonites shells |
An Erymidae Decapodan. |
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Complete Specimens |
Type genus of the Erymidae Decapodan family. Originally, was named Glyphea amalthei,informally used by Quenstedt and housed on the Museum Naturkunde in Württemberg. A series of posterior revisions probe it was a different genus.[146] |
Eryma specimen | |
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Complete Specimens |
An Erymidae Decapodan. |
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Single complete specimen in late larval stage |
The specimen reported represents the oldest fossil record of an achelatan lobster larva, and the first representative of achelatan lobsters in the Posidinia Shale. Shares similarities with the late jurassic genus Cancrinos. |
California spiny lobsters are relatives of the Larval specimen from the Posidonia Shale | |
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Single Incomplete Specimen |
A Stomatopoda Malacostracan. Its affinities haven't been tested. |
![]() A female Odontodactylus Scyllarus mantis shrimp, maybe related to the Posidonia Specimen | |
Thoracica
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Toarcolepas[151] |
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Numerous disarticulated individuals, associated with fossil wood.[151] |
A phospatic-shelled Cirripede of the family Eolepadidae.[151] Toarcolepas is provisionally interpreted as the oldest epiplanktonic cirripede known, and is thought to have lived attached to floating driftwood.[151] |
![]() Modern genus Lepas is the most related taxa to Toarcolepas |
Arachnida
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Single Incomplete Specimen. |
Being the only Jurassic scorpion known, there is no evidence that L. schmidti was aquatic (which was suggested in the past) and in the absence of further, better preserved material it should be excluded from future considerations of broad patterns of scorpion evolution.[153] |
![]() Speculative Reconstruction | |
Insecta
Insects are a common terrestrial animals that where proabaly drifted to the sea due to Moonsonal conditions present on the Posidonia Shale.[154]
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly of the family Heterophlebiidae. A relative abundant genus, present on most of the pits of the Posidonia Shale, even on Holzmaden. |
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Plagiophlebia[156] |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly of the family Heterophlebiidae. |
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Heterothemis[157] |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly of the family Liassogomphidae. Second most abundant genus of Odonatan in the Formation. |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly of the family Liassogomphidae. |
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Proinogomphus[156] |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly of the family Liassogomphidae. |
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Ensphingophlebia[156] |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly of the family Sphenophlebiidae. |
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Mesoepiophlebia[159] |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly of the family Sphenophlebiidae. |
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Liassostenophlebia[156] |
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Specimens |
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Syrrhoe[156] |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly. |
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Strongylogomphus[156] |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly. |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly of the family Myopophlebiidae. |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly of the family Myopophlebiidae. |
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Paraplagiophlebia[159] |
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|
Specimens |
A Dragonfly of the family Myopophlebiidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A Dragonfly of the Family Liassogomphidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
A Dragonfly of the family Campterophlebiidae.The largest Early Jurassic Insect Know, with a wings size up to 20 cm.[162] |
||
Gallodorsettia[163] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Dragonfly of the family Campterophlebiidae. |
|
Henrotayia[164] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Dragonfly of the family Henrotayiidae. |
|
Liadoblattina[165] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Cockroach of the family Raphidiomimidae. |
|
Ptyctoblattina[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Cockroach of the family Raphidiomimidae. |
|
Caloblattina[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Cockroach of the family Caloblattinidae. |
|
Blattula[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Cockroach of the family Blattulidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A Stick insect. One of the described insects found more near the Bohemian Massif, where probably belong most of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna. |
||
Chresmodella |
|
|
Specimens |
A Stick insect of the family Aerophasmidae. |
|
Compactofulgoridium[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Grasshopper. |
|
Protogryllus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Grasshopper of the family Protogryllidae. |
|
Panorpidium[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Grasshopper of the family Elcanidae. |
|
Acridiopsis[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Short-horned Grasshopper of the family Acrididae. |
|
Locustopsis[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Grasshopper of the family Locustopsidae. |
|
Liadolocusta[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Grasshopper of the family Locustopsidae. |
|
Archijassus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Planthopper of the family Archijassidae. |
|
Elasmoscelidium[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Planthopper. |
|
Fulgoridium[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Planthopper of the family Fulgoridiidae. |
|
Fulgoridulum[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Planthopper of the family Fulgoridiidae. |
|
Procerofulgoridium[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Planthopper of the family Fulgoridiidae. |
|
Tetrafulgoria[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Planthopper of the family Fulgoridiidae. |
|
Metafulgoridium[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Planthopper of the family Fulgoridiidae. |
|
Productofulgoridium[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Planthopper of the family Fulgoridiidae. |
|
Margaroptilon[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Planthopper of the family Fulgoridiidae. |
|
Compactofulgoridium[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Planthopper of the family Fulgoridiidae. |
|
Procercopis[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Froghopper of the family Procercopidae. |
|
Megalocoris[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Shore bug. |
|
Eurynotis[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Shore bug of the family Archegocimicidae. |
|
Somatocoris[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Shore bug of the family Archegocimicidae. |
|
Corynecoris[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Shore bug of the family Archegocimicidae. |
|
Entomecoris[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Shore bug of the family Archegocimicidae. |
|
Ensphingocoris[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Shore bug of the family Archegocimicidae. |
|
Engynabis[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Shore bug of the family Archegocimicidae. |
|
Apicasia[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Pholipheron[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Grasselites[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Omogongylus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Sideriosemion[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Metanastes[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Diatrypamene[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Aptilotitus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Rhomaleus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Leptosolenophorus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Gastroratus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Brachylaimon[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Pleuralocista[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Mesoncus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Palaeotrachys[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Hydroicetes[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Scalopoides[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Peridosoma[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
||
Sphaerocantharis[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Rhysopsalis[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Diplocelides[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Tripsalis[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Trochiscites[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Prosynactus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A False Ground Beetle of the family Trachypachidae. |
|
Coreoeicos[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A False Ground Beetle of the family Trachypachidae. |
|
Aposphinctus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Water Scavenger Beetle of the family Hydrophilidae. |
|
Zetemenos[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
Amphoxyne[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle. |
||
Amblycephalonius[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle of the family Coptoclavidae. |
|
Ooperioristus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle of the family Coptoclavidae. |
|
Camaricopterus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Beetle of the family Schizophoridae. |
|
Megachorites[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Giant Beetle. It is among the largest found on all the Jurassic. |
|
Protobittacus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Hangingfly of the family Bittacidae. |
|
Parabittacus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Hangingfly of the family Bittacidae. |
|
Haplobittacus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Hangingfly of the family Bittacidae. |
|
Mesobittacus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Hangingfly of the family Bittacidae. |
|
Orthophlebia[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Scorpionfly of the family Orthophlebiidae. |
|
Parorthophlebia[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Scorpionfly of the family Orthophlebiidae. |
|
Mesopanorpa[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Scorpionfly of the family Orthophlebiidae. |
|
Pseudopolycentropus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Scorpionfly of the family Pseudopolycentropodidae. |
|
Homoeoptychopteris[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly. |
|
Amianta[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly. |
|
Culiciscolex[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly. |
|
Liassonympha[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly. |
|
Bodephora[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly. |
|
Apistogrypotes[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly. |
|
Amphipromeca[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly. |
|
Cyrtomides[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly. |
|
Sphallonymphites[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly. |
|
Propexis[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly. |
|
Archipleciomima[169] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly. |
|
Protoplecia[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly of the family Protopleciidae. |
|
Mesorhyphus[169] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Wood Gnat of the family Anisopodidae. |
|
Metaraphidia[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Snakefly. |
|
Heterorhyphus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly. |
|
Amblylexis[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly. |
|
Ellipibodus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly. |
|
Homoeoptychopteris[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly. |
|
Protorhyphus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Fly of the family Protorhyphidae. |
|
Praemacrochile[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A primitive Crane fly of the family Tanyderidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A primitive Crane fly of the family Tanyderidae. |
||
Architipula[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Crane fly of the family Limoniidae. |
|
Ozotipula[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Crane fly of the family Limoniidae. |
|
Haplotipula[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Crane fly of the family Limoniidae. |
|
Leptotipuloides[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Crane fly. |
|
Mikrotipula[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Crane fly. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A Phantom Crane fly of the family Ptychopteridae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
A Caddisfly. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
A Lacewing of the family Prohemerobiidae. |
||
Parhemerobius[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Lacewing of the family Prohemerobiidae. |
|
Paractinophlebia[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Lacewing of the family Prohemerobiidae. |
|
Liassopsychops[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Lacewing of the family Prohemerobiidae. |
|
Tetanoptilon[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
||
Protoaristenymphes[173] |
|
|
Specimens |
A lance Lacewing of the family Mesochrysopidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A Hairy Cicada of the family Tettigarctidae. |
||
Liassotettigarcta[167] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Hairy Cicada of the family Tettigarctidae. |
|
Xulsigia[175] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Sternorrhynchan of the family Pincombeomorpha. It is curious for its peculiar venation on its wings. Has been proposed its own family, Xulsigiidae. |
|
Indutionomarus[176] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Coleorrhynchan of the family Progonocimicidae. |
|
Thilopterus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Wasp of the family Ephialtitidae. |
|
Symphytopterus[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Wasp of the family Ephialtitidae. |
|
Liadobracona[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Wasp of the family Ephialtitidae. |
|
Pseudoxyelocerus[177] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Wood Wasp of the family Xyelotomidae. |
|
Agmatozoon[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A non classified Insect. |
|
Campeulites[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A non classified Insect. |
|
Tomeferusa[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A non classified Insect. |
|
Trimerocephalium[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A non classified Insect. |
|
Elasmoscolex[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A non classified Insect. |
|
Epimetrophora[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A non classified Insect. |
|
Oocephalina[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A non classified Insect. |
|
Platycorion[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A non classified Insect. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A Dicondylian, from the family Protomyrmeleontidae. |
||
Dorniella[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Insect of the family Blattogryllidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Insect of the family Geinitziidae. |
||
Adelocoris[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Insect of the family Pachymeridiidae. |
|
Stiphroschema[156] |
|
|
Specimens |
A basal Insect of the family Pachymeridiidae. |
|
Echinodermata
Asterozoa
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Few Specimens. |
An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiactidae. Very rare on the layers. |
![]() Modern Specimen | |
Mesophiomusium[181] |
|
|
Few Specimens. |
An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiolepididae. Very rare on the layers, being Mesophiomusium geisingense the most common of the two species present. |
|
Ophiarachna[181] |
|
|
Various Specimens. |
An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiacanthida. Very Common, related to non anoxic water sedimentation. |
|
|
|
Various Specimens. |
An Ophiuridan of the family Aplocomidae. Very Common. |
![]() Fossil Specimen | |
?Ophiura[181] |
|
|
Few Specimens. |
An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiuridae. Its relationships haven't been confirmed and it is based on very fragmentary remains. |
![]() Appearance |
?Ophiocten[181] |
|
|
Few Specimens. |
An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiuridae. Its relationships haven't been confirmed and it is based on very fragmentary remains. |
|
|
|
Few Specimens. |
An Asteroidean of the family Astropectinidae. It is very rare on the layers, and a few fragmentary specimens are known. Only a relatively complete specimen is known from Banz Abbey. |
![]() Pentasteria sp. from Banz | |
Echinoidea
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Few Specimens. |
A sea urchin of the family Cidaridae. Common on several layers. Cidaris is genus that still alive today. A bottom dweller, is commonly found associated with Belemnnite fossils, probably due to eating its carcasses. |
![]() Modern Specimen | |
Diademopsis[99] |
|
|
Docens of Specimens |
A sea urchin of the family Pedinidae. It is the most common sea urchin in the formation, present on all the levels with specimens of various sizes. Vinculated to sea bottom sediments, before Gasteropods and Bivalves, Diademospsis was the tird major colonizer of the bottom, in between anoxic changes. |
Specimens from Holzmaden |
Procidaris[99] |
|
|
Few Specimens. |
A sea urchin of the family Miocidaridae |
|
Holothuroidea
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uncinulina[185] |
|
|
Few Specimens. |
A Sea Cucumber of the Family Elasipodida. Common on the Austrian realm, characterised due to been present of Pelagic environments, as is common on modern genera of its family, but not on the fossil record. Can be the oldest pelagic representative of the Sea Cucumber family. Can be also related to the modern deep sea genus Enypniastes. |
![]() Modern Species Enypniastes can be related to Uncinulina |
Crinoidea
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Praetetracrinus[186] |
|
|
Multiple specimens. |
A Crinoidean of the family Plicatocrinidae. |
|
Shroshaecrinus[186] |
|
|
Multiple specimens. |
A Crinoidean of the family Millericrinidae. |
|
Procomaster[181] |
|
|
Multiple specimens. |
A Crinoidean of the family Isocrinida. |
|
Isocrinus[187] |
|
|
Multiple specimens. |
Type genus of Crinoidean of the family Isocrinida. |
![]() Close view of one specimen ![]() Single specimen |
Seirocrinus[40] |
|
|
Multiple specimens. Fossilized rafts of +10 m long with complete colonies. |
The Largest Know Crinoidean, from the family Pentacrinitidae. Among the tallest animals of its period, Seirocrinus is also one of the most famous fossils from the Posidonia Shale. It consists of fossils of colonies along large wood trunks, with specimens up to 14 m long, with the largest specimen reaching 26 m long,[188] what makes it among the tallest know Mesozoic organisms, one of the largest invertebrates know on the fossil record and one of the tallest know animals. It was an open ocean organism that lived in rafting woods, probably filtering food and serving as a refuge for other animals, such as ammonites.[189] The crinoids had a large colonization process, based on the status of the fossil wood found.[190][191] The large rafts where the home for a high variety of marine organisms, such as Balanoideans, Ammonites and other. It has been stimated that without the presence of modern raft wood predators (that apperared on the Bathonian) those rafts can last up to 5 years, being that the main reason the crinoids where able to attach such huge sizes. The large rafts where also proabaly essential to distribute animals along the Early Jurassic Seas.[192] |
![]() Close view of one specimen ![]() Single specimen |
|
|
Multiple specimens. Fossilized rafts of +10 m long with complete colonies. |
Type genus of Crinoidean from the family Pentacrinitidae. Like Seirocrinus, Pentacrinites formed colonies on rafting wood, getting a different role than bigger crinoid and appearing on the first stages of the descomposition of the rafting wood. Was a smaller genus, with specimens of no more than 1 meter long, usually measuring 40–70 cm. |
Close view of one specimen ![]() Reconstruction | |
Vertebrata
Fishes
Chondrichthyes
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Microtoxodus[195] |
|
|
Teeth |
A non classified Elasmobranch. |
|
|
|
Teeth |
Thype shark of the family Synechodontiformes. |
||
Rhomphaiodon[195] |
|
|
Teeth |
A shark of the family Synechodontiformes. |
|
|
|
Teeth |
A member of the family Protospinacidae. |
||
Palidiplospinax[197] |
|
|
Articulated vertebral column, girdles, both fin spines and clasper organ |
A member of the family Palaeospinacidae. |
|
|
|
Anterior part of body with basicranium, palatoquadrates, Meckel's cartilage, ceratohyals, epihyals, teeth, traces of the branchial arches and the anterior finspine |
Type member of the family Palaeospinacidae. |
||
Mesiteia[195] |
|
|
Teeth |
A Carpet shark of the family Orectolobiformes. |
|
|
|
Teeth |
A Carpet shark of the family Hemiscylliidae. |
![]() Modern Chiloscyllium | |
|
|
Teeth |
A Carpet shark of the family Orectolobiformes. |
||
Ornatoscyllium[104] |
|
|
Teeth |
A Carpet shark of the family Orectolobiformes. |
|
|
|
Teeth |
A Carpet shark of the family Orectolobiformes. |
||
|
|
Teeth |
A Bullhead Shark of the family Heterodontidae. |
||
|
|
Teeth. |
A Bullhead Shark of the family Heterodontidae. |
||
Agaleus[195] |
|
|
Teeth |
A shark of the family Agaleidae. |
|
|
|
Teeth |
A shark of the family Acrodontidae. |
||
|
|
Teeth |
A shark of the family Hybodontiformes. |
||
Crassodus[200] |
|
|
Meckelian Cartilages, Jaws, teeth, Palatoquadrates, placoid scales and desarticualted parts of the labial, hyoid and branchial skeleton. |
A shark of the family Hybodontidae. The Type specimen belongs to a large hybodontid, with an stimated total length of up to 3 m.[200] It has a Meckelian Cartilage more robust than Hybodus hauffianus and an acrodontine dentition, as seen on Bdellodus.[200] Probably is related with "Hybodus" delabechei, very likely a junior synonym of Crassodus.[200] |
|
Bdellodus[201] |
|
|
Teeth. |
A shark of the family Hybodontidae. |
Bdellodus |
|
|
Complete Specimens and fragments, including Teeth, scales, jaws and Cartilage. |
Type shark of the family Hybodontidae. It is the most abundant shark on the layers of the Posidonia Shale, with some of the best preserved specimens of the genus known. It was probably an open ocean hunter, with small horns over the eyes. With a size around 2 m, it was also one of the largest representatives of the Chondrichthyes on the formation.[204][205] |
![]() Hybodus Holzmaden specimen, among the best preserved of the genus, with Belemmnites inside. Hybodus Another Holzmaden specimen | |
Pseudonotidanus[206] |
|
|
Fragmentary and Complete Specimens |
A shark of the family Hexanchiformes. |
|
Bathytheristes[207] |
|
|
Partially Complete Specimen, with associated teeth |
A member of Callorhynchidae inside Chimaeriformes. Similar to Callorhinchus, among the oldest known of its type. |
![]() Callorhinchus milii can be the closest relative of Bathytheristes |
Acanthorhina[208] |
|
|
Head and postcranial remains |
A member of Myriacanthidae inside Chimaeriformes. An aberrant Chimaera with an extrange elongated nose and horns over the skull. |
Acanthorhina |
|
|
Head and several postcranial remains |
A member of Myriacanthidae inside Chimaeriformes. An aberrant Chimaera with a second jaw-like structure on its head. |
||
|
|
Teeth |
A Basal member of the Rajiformes of the family Archaeobatidae. |
||
|
|
Teeth |
A Basal member of the Rajiformes of the family Archaeobatidae. |
||
Doliobatis[210] |
|
|
Teeth |
A Basal member of the Rajiformes of the family Archaeobatidae. |
|
|
|
Teeth |
A Basal member of the Rajiformes. |
||
Actinopteri
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Holzmadenfuro[211] |
|
|
Complete Specimen |
First ganoin-scaled Ophiopsiformes (Halecomorphi) from the Posidonienschiefer. The type specimen measures 51 cm, and has elongated and serrated body scales before the dorsal fin and tiny ganoid scales after it.[211] |
|
Ohmdenfuro[211] |
|
|
Nearly complete specimen with broken skull |
First ganoin-scaled Ophiopsiformes (Halecomorphi) from the Posidonienschiefer. Elongated morphology, with a length of ~39 cm, covered by smooth, masive ganoin scales.[211] |
|
|
|
Various Complete and nearly complete Specimens |
Type Genus of the family Caturidae inside Amiiformes |
| |
|
|
Multiple specimens. |
The youngest representative of the family Saurichthyidae, known for its large jaws, similar to modern Belonidae. |
| |
|
|
Multiple specimens. |
Type member of the family Ptycholepididae inside Ptycholepiformes. It is one of the Youngest representatives of its Family. |
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Multiple specimens. |
A member of the family Pholidophoridae. Is among the most abundant fishes on the late liassic of Europe, present on the sub-mediterranean boreal, with specimens of several sizes. |
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Luxembourgichthys[216] |
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Multiple specimens. |
A member of the family Pholidophoridae. |
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Multiple specimens. |
A member of the family Leptolepididae. The most common member of its family, Leptolepis is commonly associated with Crustaceans and small marine invertebrates, probably main creatures on its diet. One on the most predated vertebrates on the formation, with abundance of larger fishes and reptiles with specimens associated. |
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Paraleptolepis[218] |
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MB. f.7612, nearly complete specimen. |
A member of the family Leptolepididae. It differs from Leptolepis coryphaenoides in the presence of a few autapomorphics and also in the retention of several primitive features not present on the last one.[218] Small genus, of about 14 cm length.[218] |
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Multiple specimens. |
A member of the family Pachycormidae. |
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Multiple specimens. |
A member of the family Pachycormidae. Large representative of the family, reaching sizes up to 2.3 m. |
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Multiple specimens. |
Type member of the family Pachycormidae. Large representative of its family, with a size up to 1.5 m. One specimen preserved the alimentary canal, with the stomach filled by numerous hooklets that can be referred to the coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis, impliying a diet of cephalopods from this genus.[223] |
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Multiple specimens. |
A large member of the family Pachycormidae. |
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Partial specimen. |
A large member of the family Pachycormidae, with up to 2.5–3 m long and an estimated weight over 200 kg.[226][227] Considered originally a junior synonym of Pachycormus, altrougth the craneal bones suggest a new genus. Among the largest fish found on the formation it is a key fossil on the transition to large filter feeding fishes.[227] Being Coeval with another basal Pachycormiformes show the specialization of the group during the late lower jurassic.[227] Ohmdenia is the sister taxa to group of suspension-feeding Giant Middle-Late Jurassic Fishes (Including the famous Leedsichthys), showing alterations on its dental structure, with jaw indicates a diet based on soft body prey.[227] Its evolutionary significance is equiparable to that of the genus Aetiocetus for the modern Baleen whale.[227] |
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Multiple specimens. |
A deep-bodied neopterygian, Type member of the family Dapediidae. Unpublished material indicates the presence of one or even two more still undescribed species of Dapedium in the Lower Toarcian.[229] |
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Multiple specimens. |
A common member of the Lepisosteiformes. |
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Multiple specimens. |
A common member of the Semionotidae. |
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Various Specimens |
A large member of the Chondrosteidae and the largest non reptilian marine vertebrate of the Posidonia shale, with a size between 3 and 4.5 m, and an estimated weight over 800 kg to 1 tonne.[233] Has been suggested as a junior Synonym of Chrondrosteus, altrougth there haven't been any new revision about the status of the genus. It is related to modern sturgeons, but with a different kind of mouth than common species, made for hunting prey in open waters, with a strong lower jaw, similar to modern Beluga Sturgeons.[235] |
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Sarcopterygii
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Various Specimens with diverse degree of preservation. |
A large coelacanth of the family Mawsoniidae, related with the genera Axelrodichthys, Chinlea, Diplurus and the type Mawsonia.[237] The largest specimen know from the Posidonia Shale is GPIT.OS.770 (Holotype), with a length over 1.6 m.[236] The specimen presents an ossified lung inside the abdominal cavity, and most of the body, being also one of the most complete Coelacanths of the Jurassic found.[236][237] Some recent discoveries from the Middle Jurassic show specimens of up to 3.5 m long.[238] Trachymetopon precedes the presence of the family Mawsoniidae in Europe by about 120 Ma and the northernmost occurrence of a member of the group, impliying an extensive geographical range during the Early Jurassic.[237] Due to the specimens being found on pelagic deposits suggest that probably was an open ocean swimmer.[236][237] |
Trachymetopon GPIT.OS.770 | |
Reptiles
Ichthyosauria
Inderminate specimens are known.[99]
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Multiple specimens with different degree of preservation. |
Type genus of the family Temnodontosauridae. A large Macroraptorial Ichthyosaur, apex predator of its environment. It range on sizes between the 9 and the 12 m, being one of the largest know ichthyosaurs, characterized by skulls and jaws over 1 m in length, with the largest being over 1.9 m long. It has been found with fragments of young icthyosaur on his stomach.[241] Of 39 specimens of Temnodontosaurus studied, a 21% (8 Specimens) show pathologies along their body, with several injuries post traumatic, probably done by other marine reptiles.[242] |
![]() Temnodontosaurus hunting Temnodontosaurus trigonodon specimen. | |
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Multiple specimens. Some of them are among the best preserved Ichthyosaur remains known.[243][244][245][246] |
Type genus of the family Stenopterygiidae. A common Toarcian Ichthyosaur, present on multiple layers. The rather exquisite level of preservation has led to know even the coloration, that exposes a clear countershading, with an upper part being more obscure than the lower, similar to modern Killer Whales, the Heaviside's dolphin or the Dall's porpoise. There is also evidence of changes in color with ontogenic chnges, going from dark juveniles to countershaded adults. The skin was flexible & Scaless, as in Dolphins.[247] |
![]() Restoration ![]() Fossil mother with embryo | |
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Multiple specimens. |
Type genus of the family Suevoleviathanidae. Includes specimens up to 4 m long. |
Suevoleviathan integer fossil | |
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Complete Specimen. |
Small sized Ichthyosaur, probably a member of Parvipelvia.[252] |
Hauffiopteryx typicus fossil | |
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Complete and partial Specimens. |
A large ichthyosaur of the family Leptonectidae with convergent evolution with modern Swordfish. Like this fishes, Eurhinosaurus is believed to be a fast swimming predator, able to hunt fish schools on same way. Large specimens of up to 6 m are known. |
Complete specimen from the Posidonia Shale ![]() Eurhinosaurus restoration | |
Plesiosauria
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Nearly complete specimen. |
A Rhomaleosauridae Plesiosaur. Its detailed fossils have helped to study plesiosaur movement.[257] |
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Complete specimen. |
A Rhomaleosauridae Plesiosaur. A moderately sized (3.4 m) Rhomaleaosaurid, ecologically adapted to fish hunt, as has been observed due to comparing the long snouted skull with that of Peloneustes, Gharial Crocodiles or Dolphins.[258] |
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Complete Specimen. |
A basal Plesiosaur that has been linked with Cryptoclididae. It is one of the smallest from the Posidonia, with a complete skeleton measuring less than 2.5 m. It is considered a possible junior synonym of Seeleyosaurus[261] |
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Complete Specimens. |
A Plesiosaur of the family Microcleididae. It was named originally "Plesiosaurus guilelmiimperatoris". It was a moderate‐sized plesiosauroid, measuring up to 3,5 m in length with a skull length of 170 mm.[263] |
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Several Complete Specimens. |
Type member of the Plesiosaur family Microcleididae. Small Plesiosaur, with a length of less than 3 m. Possible Junior synonym of Hydrorion |
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Complete Specimen. |
A Plesiosaur of the family Plesiosauridae. It is characterised by a really enlongated neck, was probably an ichthyophagous form that occurred rarely in the Posidonienschiefer fauna. |
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Sphenodontia
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Complete specimens. |
An aquatic sphenodont of the family Pleurosauridae. Palaeopleurosaurus evidences that there was a slightly skeletal specialization for an aquatic lifestyle, achieved trougth the Jurassic gradually on pleurosaurs.[267] It has similarities with other marine reptiles, such with members of Sauropterygia the presence of a defined suture between the centrum and the neural arch, along with reducted sternum.[268] Probably had a semiaquatic style of life, altrought not as adapted as Pleurosaurus, as show limited morphological evidence of adaptation to a complete aquatic lifestyle, defined by no Osteosclerosis and the lack of Pachyostosis, except for a thicker shaft region in the humerus, that is as narrow as in terrestrial rhynchocephalians, such as the terrestrial Clevosaurus.[268] Palaeopleurosaurus probably was still able to walk on land, for example for Oviposition.[268] Recent studies suggest a shorter lifespan than modern Tuatara, based on irregular spacing of growth marks.[269] |
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Testudinata
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Various partial specimens, mostly pleurals. |
Unclassified Testudine. Münster (1834) cited: " there were also rare things at the quarries of Altdorf, among other remains there where ones of a turtle on lias limestone"". The remains are not cataloged.[273] |
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Various partial specimens, mostly pleurals. Includes a left partial shell. |
Assigned to Mesochelydia(?) due to resemblances for the authors to modern turtles. Unclassified and non cataloged.[273] |
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Fragmentary Remains |
Can be a more basal taxon or even not a turtle. If it is, can be the first Turtle remains found on the Posidonia Shale since the late 1800s. Now on a private collection.[275] |
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Crocodrylomorpha
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Complete specimens. |
A marine crocodrylomorph with a diet probably based on fish.[277] It is the best known member of the family Teleosauriade. The Genus was declared Invalid in 2020. |
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Series of Complete specimens, including skin impressions |
A Thalattosuchian of the family Teleosauridae. Was considered synonymous with Steneosaurus until in 2020 this last was recovered as invalid.[279] Includes 5 m specimens. |
Macrospondylus bollensis fossil with Skin Impressions | |
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Complete specimen. |
A Thalattosuchian of the family Teleosauridae. A marine crocodrylomorph with a diet probably based on fish. Was considered synonymous with Steneosaurus until recently.[282] |
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Complete specimen. |
A Thalattosuchian of the family Teleosauridae. Platysuchus was slightly more robust than its contemporaneous relatives, being probably adapted to hunt more voluminous fish. |
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Complete specimen. |
A Thalattosuchian with a complex assignation, where can be a member of the family Teleosauridae or the basalmost Metriorhynchoidean. With a less heavy built, bigger skull and more visible marine adaptation, its diet probably based completely on fish (one fossil specimen was found with a Leptolepis in its stomach contents). Has been considered a basal Metriorhynchidae[286] or sister taxon to both Teleosauridae and Metriorhynchidae.[287] |
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Partial specimen. |
A possible Pholidosauridae Neosuchian. A marine crocodrylomorph, that can be a mistaken Teleosaurian as has been included on Cf. Platysuchus, altrougth has characters that align it with Anglosuchus, that was also confused with a Teleosaurid.[276] |
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Frontal Snout |
A Possible Goniopholid Neosuchian. Classified as "?Steneosaurus" sp., it was noted initially a morphology more similar to Goniopholis simus and specially Amphicotylus lucasii, being a possible early member of the group.[102] |
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Fragmentary remains |
Possible member of the Protosuchia inside Crocodyliformes. If is confirmed as a member of the family it would be a terrestrial, maybe semi-acuatic crocodrylomorph. Can be a mistaken juvenile Teleosaurian.[275] |
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Pterosauria
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Several specimens with different degrees of preservation. |
A Novialoidean Pterosaur, type genus of the family Campylognathoidea. Mark Witton suggests the construction of Campylognathoides' extremely robust forelimbs, with proportionally long wing fingers, could be a specialization for a fast aerial lifestyle comparable to those of Falcons and mastiff bats, being more probably an insect & vertebrate hunter and living on nearshore environments.[291] |
Nearly complete Campylognathoides | ||
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Pelvis and several vertebrae. |
A Novialoidean Pterosaur, probably a member of the family Campylognathoidea. Has been assigned to the genus Campylognathoides, although it is clearly different than any other pterosaur from the Posidonia Shale.[292] The name "Schandelopterus" is invalid and lacks any study, assigned without species to refer to the specimen on private German Fossil Groups. The pelvis indicates a laterally, slightly upwardly directed orientation of the acetabula which does not support a bird-like bipedal locomotion of this pterosaur as has been suggested on the past.[292] |
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Skull |
A Rhamphorhynchinae Pterosaur. Has been assigned to the genus Dorygnathus. It has a really complete skull that can help to explain the estatus of the genus Parapsicephalus.[293] |
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Multiple specimens with different degree of preservation.[298] |
A Rhamphorhynchinae Pterosaur. It is one of the best known Early Jurassic Pterosaurs.[294] Unlike Campylognthoides, Dorygnathus was an oceanic hunter, with teeth disposed to catch marine prey, such as Belemnittes and several species of fishes. Dorygnathus mistelgauensis is considered a junior synonym until more data can be recovered from the specimen, held on a private collection.[294] |
![]() Dorygnathus on terrestrial pose ![]() Nearly complete Dorygnathus | ||
Dinosauria
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Cervical Vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, limbs and possible ulna |
An indeterminate possible Theropod dinosaur, possibly Neotheropoda. Hasn't been revised since 1984. |
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Sauropodiformes[300] |
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3 cm long, tooth-studded fragment of a lower jaw |
An indeterminate possible Sauropodomorph dinosaur, possibly a member of Sauropodiformes (Resemble Yunnanosaurus teeth).[300] The Fossil was reported from the Lias Epsilon level, that on Oedhof is occupied by the Posidonia Shale.[300] It was found with abundant Plant debris and Belemnite remains.[300] Hasn't been revised since 1956 |
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Tibia and astragalus |
A Gravisaurian Sauropod. One of the few formally described from the Toarcian. Has been related with Vulcanodon, although more recent studies placed it as a relative of Rhoetosaurus.[302] It has been claimed to be a small sauropod with a size of 4 m, altrought the tibia measures 405 to 410 mm, leading to a 6.7 m long sauropod. Molina Pérez & Larramendi, stimated a modern size of 6.2 to 6.7 m long, with a weight of 1.3 tonnes.[303] |
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Synapsida
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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3 Teeth |
The specimens were listed on several notes on the 1800s (As "mammal teeth"), although its existence has not been proved. Can be related to the Trithelodontidae or other late surviving Cynodonts by related characters, such as Irajatherium, but also to the Mammaliformes. If its presence is proved, it would be the first Synapsid found on the Posidonia Shale. |
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