Outline of computing
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computing:
Computing – activity of using and improving computer hardware and software.
Branches of computing
- Computer Science (see also Outline of computer science)
- Information Technology – refers to the application (esp in businesses and other organisations) of computer science, that is, its use by mankind (see also Outline of information technology)
- Information Systems – refers to the study of the application of IT to business processes
- Computer engineering (see also Outline of computer engineering)
- Software engineering (see also Outline of software engineering)
Computer science
- Computer science
- Theory of computation
- Scientific computing
- Metacomputing
- Autonomic Computing
Computers
See information processor for a high-level block diagram.
- Computer
- Computer hardware
- History of computing hardware
- CPU design
- Computer network
- Computer performance by orders of magnitude
Instruction-level taxonomies
After the commoditization of memory, attention turned to optimizing CPU performance at the instruction level. Various methods of speeding up the fetch-execute cycle include:
- designing instruction set architectures with simpler, faster instructions: RISC as opposed to CISC
- Superscalar instruction execution
- VLIW architectures, which make parallelism explicit
Software
- Software engineering
- Computer programming
- Computational
- Software patent
- Firmware
- System software
- Application Software
- Programming languages
- interpreters
- compilers
- assemblers
- Speech recognition
- Speech synthesis
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Part of an early computer, EDSAC.
History of computing
Business computing
- Accounting software
- Computer-aided design
- Computer-aided manufacturing
- Computer-assisted dispatch
- Customer relationship management
- Data warehouse
- Decision support system
- Electronic data processing
- Enterprise resource planning
- Geographic information system
- Hospital information system
- Human resource management system
- Management information system
- Material requirements planning
- Product Lifecycle Management
- Strategic enterprise management
- Supply chain management
- Utility Computing
Human factors
- Accessible computing
- Computer-induced medical problems
- Computer user satisfaction
- Human-computer interaction
- Human-centered computing
Computer network
Wired and wireless computer network
This notebook computer is connected to a wireless access point using a PC card wireless card.
- Types
- Wide Area Network
- Metropolitan Area Network
- City Area Network
- Village Area Network
- Local Area Network
- Wireless Local Area Network
- Mesh networking
- Collaborative workspace
- Internet
- Network Management
Computing technology based wireless networking (CbWN)
The main goal of CbWN is to optimize the system performance of the flexible wireless network.
- Source coding
- Security
- Dirty paper coding for cooperative multiple antenna or user precoding
- Intelligence
- Game theory for wireless networking
- Cognitive communications
- Flexible sectorization, Beamforming and SDMA
- Software
- Software defined radio (SDR)
- Programmable air-interface
- Downloadable algorithm: e.g., downloadable codebook for Precoding
Computer security
- Cryptology – cryptography – information theory
- Cracking – demon dialing – Hacking – war dialing – war driving
- Social engineering – Dumpster diving
- Physical security – Black bag job
- Computer insecurity
- Computer surveillance
- Defensive programming
- Malware
- Security engineering
Data
Numeric data
- integral data types – bit, byte, etc.
- real data types:
- Floating point (Single precision, Double precision, etc.)
- Fixed point
- Rational number
- Decimal
- Binary-coded decimal (BCD)
- Excess-3 BCD (XS-3)
- Biquinary-coded decimal
- representation: Binary – Octal – Decimal – Hexadecimal (hex)
- Computer mathematics – Computer numbering formats –
Character data
Other data topics
- Data compression
- Digital signal processing
- Image processing
- Data management
- Routing
- Data Protection Act
Classes of computers
Polish analog computer AKAT-1
There are several terms which describe classes, or categories, of computers:
- Analog computer
- Calculator
- Desktop computer
- Desktop replacement computer
- Digital computer
- Embedded computer
- Home computer
- Laptop
- Mainframe
- Minicomputer
- Microcomputer
- Personal computer
- Portable computer
- Personal digital assistant (aka PDA, or Handheld computer)
- Programmable logic controller or PLC
- Server
- Smartphone
- Supercomputer
- Tablet computer
- Video game console
- Workstation
Organizations
A computer Lab
Companies – current
- Apple
- Asus
- Avaya
- Dell
- Fujitsu
- Gateway Computers
- Groupe Bull
- HCL
- Hewlett-Packard
- Hitachi, Ltd.
- Intel Corporation
- IBM
- Lenovo
- Microsoft
- NEC Corporation
- Novell
- Panasonic
- Red Hat
- Silicon Graphics
- Sun Microsystems
- Unisys
Companies – historic
- Acorn, bought by Olivetti
- Amdahl Corporation, bought by Fujitsu
- Bendix Corporation
- Burroughs Corporation, merged with Sperry to become Unisys
- Compaq, bought by Hewlett-Packard
- Control Data
- Cray
- Data General
- Digital Equipment Corporation, bought by Compaq, later bought by Hewlett-Packard
- Digital Research – produced system software for early Intel microprocessor-based computers
- English Electric Company
- Ferranti
- General Electric, computer division bought by Honeywell, then Bull
- Honeywell, computer division bought by Bull
- ICL
- Leo
- Lisp Machines, Inc.
- Marconi
- Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems produced the first widely sold microcomputer system (kit and assembled)
- Nixdorf Computer, bought by Siemens
- Norsk Data
- Olivetti
- Osborne
- Packard Bell
- PERQ
- Prime Computer
- Raytheon
- Royal McBee
- RCA
- Scientific Data Systems, sold to Xerox
- Siemens
- Sinclair Research, created the Sinclair ZX Spectrum, ZX80 and ZX81
- Southweat Technical products Corporation produced microcomputers systems (kit and assembled), peripherals, and software based on Motorola 6800 and 6809 microcomputer chips
- Sperry, which bought UNIVAC, and later merged with Burroughs to become Unisys
- Symbolics
- UNIVAC
- Varian Data Machines, a division of Varian Associates which was bought by Sperry
- Wang
Professional organizations
- Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
- Association for Survey Computing (ASC)
- British Computer Society (BCS)
- Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS)
- Computer Measurement Group (CMG)
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), in particular the IEEE Computer Society
- Institution of Electrical Engineers
- International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
Standards bodies
Open standards bodies
See also Open standard
- Apdex Alliance – Application Performance Index
- Application Response Measurement (ARM)
Computing publications
- Digital Bibliography & Library Project – as of July 2007, lists over 910,000 bibliographic entries on computer science and several thousand links to the home pages of computer scientists.
Persons influential in computing
External links
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