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Context

The encyclical condemned Italian fascism's “pagan worship of the State” (statolatry) and “revolution which snatches the young from the Church and from Jesus Christ, and which inculcates in its own young people hatred, violence and irreverence.”[2]

The encyclical begins with the Pope's protest against Mussolini's closing of Italian Catholic Action and Catholic Youth organizations in that same year. Pius XI made protests not just about the closing of these Catholic associations, but also against false and defamatory reports ordered to be published in the Italian press by Mussolini. Pius also wrote that Mussolini's regime was anti-Catholic.

Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, Cardinal Secretary of State under Popes Benedict XVI and Francis, asserts that the encyclical was "strongly polemic" against Mussolini who ordered that Catholic youth associations be dissolved. [3]

References
  1. English text on Vatican.va
  2. "Fascism - identification with Christianity". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  3. "Hitler's Pope? A Judgment Historically Unsustainable", Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, S.D.B. Secretary of State, L'Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English 19 November 2008, page 11


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