Nembe Kingdom

The Nembe are an Ijaw people of the Niger Delta region, settled in the region that now includes the Edumanom Forest Reserve. The date of foundation of the old Nembe kingdom is unknown. Tradition says that the tenth king was called Ogio, ruling around 1639, the ancestor of all subsequent kings. A civil war later split the city into two factions. At the start of the 19th century, king Ogbodo and his followers moved to a new settlement at Bassimibiri, while king Mingi remained at Nembe city.[2]

With the arrival of Europeans on the coast, the Nembe kingdom became a trading state, but was relatively poor compared to Bonny and Calabar.[3] [4]

The Nembe slave trade picked up in the second quarter of the 19th century when the British attempted to suppress slavery by blockading the ports of Bonny and Calabar. The position of Nembe town 30 miles up the Brass River became an advantage in these circumstances. However, with dwindling demand for slaves, by 1856 the palm-oil trade had become more important and trade had moved to Twon/Brass on the coast.[4] In the later 19th century, Christian missionaries contributed to the existing factional tensions among the Nembe. Ogbolomabiri acquired a mission in 1867, while Bassambiri remained "heathen".[3]

After 1884, the Nembe kingdom was included in the area over which the British claimed sovereignty as the Oil Rivers Protectorate. The Nembe, who by now controlled the palm oil trade, at first refused to sign a treaty, and fought to prevent the Royal Niger Company obtaining a trade monopoly.[2] In January 1895 the Nembe King William Koko led a dawn attack of more than a thousand warriors on the company's headquarters at Akassa. This triggered a retaliatory raid in which the British destroyed the town of Brass and hundreds of Nembe were killed while many more Nembe died from an outbreak of smallpox.[2] The British later established a consulate in Twon-Brass, from where they administered the area. Traditional rulers were reinstalled in the 1920s, but with an essentially symbolic role which they retain today.[5]

The Nembe region is plagued with violence and cultism. In early 2003 several people were killed at Nembe Bassambiri when two rival factions disagreed over the distribution of electoral materials for the general elections.[6] In 2003/2004 the community was torn by fighting with a rival community in which many homes were destroyed, people were killed and others fled and went into hiding. The cause was a dispute over revenue from oil extraction in nearby Obioku village by Shell Nigeria, which was claimed by both Nembe Bassambiri and by the village of Odioma.[7] In October 2004 King Ralph Iwowari conducted elaborate ceremonies to mark the end of the crisis.[8]

Agip Oil Company and Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas operate terminals in Twon Brass.[9] In February 2009 gunmen in two speedboats attacked troops guarding the Agip oil terminal, but were repelled. The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) had threatened to target Italian companies since Italy had apparently offered to supply two attack boats to the Nigerian military.[10] In May 2009 the Nembe-Bassambiri Council of Chiefs accused the Independent National Electoral Commission of stirring up trouble by transferring part of their constituency to Brass.[11] In April 2010 the Bayelsa State government attempted to resolve the ongoing discord between the Bassambiri and Ogbolomabiri communities, bringing together Edmund Daukoru, Mingi XII, Amanyanabo of Nembe Kingdom and Ralph Iwowari, Mein VII, Amanyanabo of Nembe Bassambiri with other chiefs to find a solution.[12] Every 29th of January the nembe people from Ogbolomabiri in precise celebrates the greatest King of all nembe history till date King William Frederick Koko who fought against the British colonization but died in a horrifying way by dying sitting on his Throne after the nembe civil war against the British.[13]