National Museum of Indonesia

The National Museum of Indonesia (Indonesian: Museum Nasional), is an archeological, historical, ethnological, and geographical museum located in Jalan Medan Merdeka Barat, Central Jakarta, right on the west side of Merdeka Square. Popularly known as the Elephant Building (Indonesian: Gedung Gajah) after the elephant statue in its forecourt. Its broad collections cover all of Indonesia's territory and almost all of its history. The museum has endeavoured to preserve Indonesia's heritage for two centuries.[1]

National Museum
Museum Nasional
The front view of the museum
Location within Jakarta
Established1778
LocationJl. Medan Merdeka Barat No.12, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
Coordinates6°10′34″S 106°49′18″E
TypeArchaeology museums
Public transit accessTransJakarta corridor 1 shelter K1.14 Monumen Nasional
Websitewww.museumnasional.or.id

The museum is regarded as one of the most complete and the best in Indonesia, as well as one of the finest museum in Southeast Asia.[2] The museum has preserved about 141,000 objects, ranged from prehistoric artifacts, to archeology, numismatics, ceramics, ethnography, history and geography collections.[3] It has comprehensive collections of stone statues of classical Hindu-Buddhist period of ancient Java and Sumatra, as well as quite extensive collections of Asian ceramics.

History
The museum in the late 19th century, known as Het museum van het Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen

Dutch colonial period

On April 24, 1778, a group of Dutch intellectuals established a scientific institution under the name Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, (Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences).[4] This private body had the aim of promoting research in the field of arts and sciences, especially in history, archaeology, ethnography and physics, and publish the various findings. The main objective of Bataviaasch Genootschap is to analyze the cultural and scientific aspects of the East Indies, including its society and natural environment, through facilitating research conducted by experts.[5]:13

One of the founders – JCM Radermacher – donated a building at De Groote Rivier street in Old Batavia area, and a collection of cultural objects and books, which were of great value to start off a museum and library for the society.[6] The other founder are Jacob de Meijer, Josua van Inperen, Johannes Hooijman, Sirardus Bartlo, Willem van Hogendorp, Hendrik Nicolaas Lacle, Jacobus van der Steeg, Egbert Blomhert, Paulus Gevers and Frederik Baron van Wurmb.[7]

Due to the growing collections, General Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles built a new premises located behind the Societeit de Harmonie (today Jalan Majapahit No. 3) at the beginning of the 19th century and named it the Literary Society. In the 1862 the Dutch East Indies government decided to build a new museum that would not only serve as an office but also could be used to house, preserve and display the collections.

The Museum was officially opened in 1868 and popularly known as Gedung Gajah (Elephant Building) or sometimes called Gedung Arca (The house of Statues). It was called Gedung Gajah on account of the bronze elephant statue in the front yard – a gift to Batavia from King Chulalongkorn of Siam in 1871. It was also called Gedung Arca because a great variety of statues from different periods are on display in the house.

The Dutch pavilion in Paris Colonial Exposition 1931 that was burned down in a fire destroying some of the museum's collections.

In 1931, the museum's collections were shown in a World Colonial Exposition in Paris. Unfortunately, a fire in the exhibition hall demolished the Dutch East Indies' exhibition pavilion and destroyed most of the objects. The museum received some insurance money as compensation and the following year these funds were used to build the old ceramics room, the bronze room, and both treasure rooms on the second floor.

Republic of Indonesia period

After the Indonesian independence, in February 1950, the institution was renamed the Lembaga Kebudayaan Indonesia (Indonesian Cultural Institute). On September 17, 1962 it was handed over to the Indonesian government and became known as Museum Pusat (Central Museum). By decree of the Minister of Education and Culture No. 092/0/1979 May 28, 1979 it was renamed the Museum Nasional.

On the last quarter of 20th century, the museum's manuscripts and literature collections was handed over to the National Library of Indonesia, while the fine arts collection such as paintings are relocated to the National Gallery.[5]:15

The peristyle (inner courtyard) of the National Museum, features Doric order Greek architecture.

In 1977, an agreement between Indonesia and the Netherlands accede to return some of cultural treasures back to Indonesia. The prized treasures among others are the treasures of Lombok, the Nagarakretagama lontar manuscript, and the exquisite Prajnaparamita of Java statue. These treasures were sent back from the Netherlands and now being kept in the National Museum of Indonesia.[5]:15

In 1980s there was a government policy to establish Museum Negeri or State Museum in every provinces in Indonesia. This idea came to reality in 1995 when all provinces of Indonesia has their own state museums. Since then, all the archaeological findings discovered in each provinces were not necessarily taken to the National Museum in Jakarta, but being kept and displayed in the province's state museums located in provincial capitals instead. The exceptions however, applied for some highly important archaeological findings, such as 10th century Wonoboyo Hoard and bronze Shiva statue.[5]:15

The four-storied new wing named Gedung Arca.

In 2007, a new building to the north side of existing building was opened, featuring many artifacts from prehistoric times to modern times. This new building, called Gedung Arca (Statue Building), provides a new exhibition wing.[8] The old building is named as Gedung Gajah (Elephant Building).

In September 11, 2013, four precious golden artifacts from the 10th-century Eastern Medang kingdom period was stolen from the museum. The items were first discovered in the ruins of the Jalatunda ancient royal bathing place and in the temples on the slopes of Mount Penanggungan in Mojokerto Regency, East Java. The four missing artifacts were a dragon-shaped gold plaque, a scripted crescent-shaped gold plaque and one golden-silver Harihara plaque, as well as a small golden box. All the missing items were displayed together in a glass showcase located inside the archaeology gold artifact and treasure room on the second floor of the Gedung Gajah (old wing) building.[9]

Currently there are two main buildings in the museum, the Gedung A (Gedung Gajah or old wing) in the south, and Gedung B (Gedung Arca or the new wing) in the north. The third building, the Gedung C is planned as an extension to house and preserve the museum's extensive collection. By 2017, the old wing or Gedung Gajah is under major renovation, while the Gedung C is under construction.[10]

During the Royal Netherlands state visit to Indonesia in March 2020, King Willem-Alexander returned the kris of Prince Diponegoro to Indonesia, received by President Joko Widodo. Today considered as Indonesian national hero, Prince Diponegoro of Yogyakarta was the charismatic leader of the mass rebellion against Dutch colonial rule in Central Java, that was defeated and taken prisoner after the conclusion of Java War in 1830.[11] His kris was long considered lost, but has now been found, after being identified by the Dutch National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden. The extraordinary gold-inlaid Javanese dagger previously was held as the Dutch State Collection, and is now part of the collection of the Indonesian National Museum.[12]

Collections
a Majapahit piggy bank from Trowulan, East Java.

The museum has a collection of 61,600 prehistoric and anthropological artifacts, and 5,000 archeological artifacts from all over Indonesia and Asia. The museum collections is among the richest, the most complete, and the best of its kind in Indonesia and one of the finest in Southeast Asia.[13]

The museum acquired its collection through many ways, among others were through scientific expeditions, excavations of archaeological sites, acquisition of private collections, gifts from distinguished patrons, objects donated by religious missions; such as ethnological artifacts acquired by Christian Zending and Catholic Missions, and also treasures acquired from a number of Dutch East Indies military campaigns against indigenous kingdoms and polities in the archipelago. Treasures, among others from Java, Aceh, Lombok and Bali acquired through the Dutch colonial military expeditions, also made to the collection of Batavian Society and Leiden Museum, and today inherited by the National Museum.[5]:15

The museum has comprehensive collections of stone statues of classical Hindu-Buddhist period of ancient Java and Sumatra, a kaleidoscope of highly diverse collection of Indonesian ethnography artefacts, as well as quite extensive collections of Asian ceramics. Museum's pottery and ceramics collections in particular is quite remarkable, with Chinese ceramics collection that dated back from Han (2nd century BC) to the time of Qing (18th century), complemented with ceramics from neighbouring Southeast Asian countries as well as local Indonesian pottery, it is indeed the largest ceramic collection in Southeast Asia.[5]:15

Gedung Gajah (Old Wing)
Gedung Gajah, the old wing of National Museum.

The Gedung Gajah located in the south side, or left from the entrance, is the old wing and the original museum structure which was built during colonial Dutch East Indies era. Popularly named as gedung gajah (Indonesian for elephant building) to refer the bronze elephant statue in front of the building, which was the gift of Siamese King Chulalongkorn. The museum collections are grouped and arranged by subjects:

Stone Sculpture Collection (Hindu-Buddhist Art of Ancient Indonesia)
A large statue of Adityavarman[14] as Bhairava among the museum's rich collections of Hindu-Buddhist artifacts of ancient Indonesia.

The National Museum of Indonesia has the richest and the largest collection of Hindu-Buddhist art of ancient Indonesia. The Hindu-Buddhist sculptures, relics and inscriptions was collected from Java, Bali, Sumatra, and Borneo, all are in display in the lobby, the central hall and the central atrium of the museum. The Buddha statues from Borobudur in various mudras are displayed in the lobby. The centerpiece collection also the largest artifact of the museum is the statue of Adityavarman depicted as Bhairava. This statue is more than 4 meters tall and discovered from Rambahan, Padangroco, West Sumatra.

Notable collections including the well-preserved 9th-century statues of Hindu deities taken from Banon Temple, which consists of Ganesha, Vishnu, Shiva and Agastya. Several statues of Durga Mahisasuramardini discovered in Java, the Tarumanagaran Vishnu statue of Cibuaya, the Srivijayan Avalokiteshvara statue of Bingin Jungut, the Avalokiteshvara head of Aceh, the head statues from Bima temple of Dieng. The statue of Harihara, dated from Majapahit period taken from Simping temple, and the statue of Parvati taken from Rimbi temple are among important Majapahit relics. Numbers of inscriptions are also stored and displayed in this section, including Telaga Batu, Amoghapasa and Anjuk Ladang inscription.

Treasure Rooms (Archaeology and Ethnography Collection)
Prajnaparamita, the Buddhist goddess of transcendental wisdom is the masterpiece of ancient Java art, displayed in treasure room.

The Second floor of the museum is feature treasures, gold, and precious artifact and arranged in two rooms; archaeological treasure and ethnology treasure. Taking picture is prohibited in the treasure rooms.

Archaeological treasure room features ancient gold and precious relics acquired from archaeological findings, mostly originated from ancient Java. One of the most prized collection of the museum is the statue of Prajnaparamita.[15] Dubbed as the most beautiful sculpture of ancient Java, the goddess of transcendental wisdom is displayed in the entrance of archaeology treasure room to shows about how gold jewelries and precious ornaments were worn on the body. Such ancient gold adornments were in display; such as crown, ear adornment, earrings, rings, bracelets, kelat bahu (arm bracelet), leg bracelet, waist band, belt, upawita or tali kasta (golden chain worn across the chest).

One of the most valuable treasure of ancient Java was the famous Wonoboyo hoard. Wonoboyo hoard is the treasures originated from 9th century Hindu Mataram Kingdom discovered in Wonoboyo, Klaten, Central Java, near Prambanan. The treasures are golden bowl with scene of Ramayana, purse, water dipper, umbrella finial, and spoon or ladle, all were made of gold. Also discovered ancient Java gold coins with shape similar to a corn seed.

Golden, silver and bronze Hindu-Buddhist relics were also in display, such as the Hindu gods images made from gold leaf, bronze statue of Shiva Mahadeva with gold applied on his lips and third eye, the bronze statue of Avalokiteshvara and also the silver statue of youthful Manjusri. This 9th-century silver statue of Manjusri was discovered in Ngemplak, Simongan, Semarang, demonstrated Pala art influence in Java as well as a fine example of silver art in ancient Java.[16]

Dulang golden cup of Puri Klungkung, Bali

The ethnology treasure room features treasures acquired from royal houses of Indonesia, such as regalias from various istanas, kratons and puri of Indonesian archipelago. Most of these pusaka royal regalias and treasures, were acquired or looted, during Dutch East Indies military campaigns against the archipelago's regional kingdoms, that took place between the 19th to early 20th century; including the royal houses of Banten, Banjarmasin, Bali and Lombok.

The royal regalia and treasures are arranged in several island zones: Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, Sulawesi, and Eastern Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Papua). The ethnology treasure room display various royal precious objects such as golden jewelries, ceremonial containers and weapons. The jewelries are bracelets and rings embedded with rubies, diamond, precious and semi precious stones. The collections are gilded Balinese kris weapon embedded with precious and semi precious stones and various spear heads. Golden royal crowns, gilded throne, golden royal regalia, golden tobacco container, golden cup, Pekinangan (silver betel-nut set), sword and golden shield is among the collection of the treasure room.

Ceramics collection
A porcelain garden seat from 14th century Yuan-Ming Dynasty found in Aceh.

The collection of ceramics room is ranged from prehistoric Buni culture, Majapahit terracota, to the ceramics of China, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, and Myanmar. Majapahit terracota water vessels, statues, roof tiles to piggy bank are on display. The museum houses a large and complete collection of ancient Chinese ceramics. It has one of the best and the most complete collections of Chinese ceramics discovered outside China. The ceramics dated from Han, Tang, Sung, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasty spanned for almost two millennia are displayed in the museum.[17] This particular collection give a good insight into Indonesia's maritime trade over the centuries. Research indicates that the Chinese sailed to India via Indonesia as early as Western Han period (205 BC to 220 AD) as part of maritime silk road and that firm trade relations were subsequently established.[18]

The ceramics collection gathered since 1932 is mainly from the collection of E.W. van Orsoy de Flines, who was also the first curator of this collection until he was repatriated to the Netherlands in 1957. Because he was so fond of this extensive ceramics collection — which reached more than 5 thousands pieces in quantity — he refused to divide them up, so he left all the collection intact in the National Museum's custody. It is important to note that this collection that dated back from Han (2nd century BC) to the time of Qing (18th century) is the largest ceramic collection in Southeast Asia.[5]:15

After the year 2000, the ceramics collection increased significantly from the addition of ceramics objects retrieved from several sunken ships in Indonesian waters. The latest collection was the ceramics pieces taken from Cirebon shipwreck discovered in 2003.[5]:15

Ethnography collection
A large map depicting Indonesian ethnic groups displayed in the ethnology room, the portraits of native Indonesians are displayed surrounding the map.

The ethnography collection comprises a wide variety of objects that are part of Indonesian daily life as well as exhibits that are used in ceremonies and rituals. The collections is arranged according to geographic locations of each regions and islands within Indonesian archipelago: from Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Bali, Lesser Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara), to Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua.

Examples of ancient cultures include Nias and Batak in Sumatra, the Badui in Java, Balinese, the Dayak of Kalimantan, the Toraja in Sulawesi, and the Asmat and Dani in Papua. The lifestyles of these people remained unchanged for centuries and followed same patterns as that of their ancestors. They still use some traditional laws (adat) to determine their daily activities and ceremonies.[19]

The skull of Java cave man.

Prehistory collection

The museum stores some stone age artifacts such as fossiled skull and skeleton of Homo erectus, Homo floresiensis and Homo sapiens, stone tools, menhir, beads, stone axe, bronze ceremonial axe and Nekara (bronze drum), also ancient weapons from Indonesia.

Historical Relics Collection (Colonial Era Collection)

The front room of the museum features old relics of colonial Indonesia, from the era of Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) to Dutch East Indies. Most of the collections are antique colonial furnitures. However most of the collections has been moved to Jakarta History Museum that mostly features the history of Jakarta especially the colonial history of Batavia (old Jakarta).

Other Collections
  • Bronze Collection
  • Textile Collection
  • Numismatics Collection

Gedung Arca (New Wing)
Gedung Arca, the new wing of National Museum.

The new wing called Gedung Arca, located immediately north of the old wing, was inaugurated by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on 20 June 2007.[8] The National Museum expansion and the construction new wing was commenced since 1994, under the initiative of the Minister of Education and Culture Wardiman Djojonegoro. The four-story building is a combination of colonial and modern styles, with the Greek neoclassical facade mirroring the old wing.

Unlike the exhibition layout of the older building, the museum's permanent exhibit in the new building is based on the frameworks of cultural elements, which Prof. Koentjaraningrat classified into seven substances of culture:[20]

  1. Religious system and religious ceremony
  2. Societal systems and organization
  3. Knowledge systems
  4. Language
  5. Arts
  6. Livelihood systems
  7. Technology and tool systems

Today National Museum has completed the new north wing which consist of a basement and seven levels (floors), four of which host permanent exhibitions, while other levels is functioned as the Museum's office. The layout of the four levels is as follows:[20]

  1. Level 1: Man and Environment
  2. Level 2: Knowledge, Technology and Economy
  3. Level 3: Social Organization and Settlement Patterns
  4. Level 4: Treasures and Ceramics

These old building and the new wing is connected via the old ethnography room through a glass walled bridge gallery. The bridge gallery is located over the outdoor amphitheatre. The temporary exhibitions with certain themes often took place in this connecting gallery. Cafetaria and souvenir stall is located in the ground floor. The basement floor host the ASEAN room that feature photos exhibition and modest artifacts from 10 ASEAN countries.

Temporary exhibition
The depiction of I-Tsing (Yi Jing) a 7th century Chinese Buddhist monk pilgrim. Displayed in Kedatuan Sriwijaya temporary exhibition, November 2017, in the National Museum.

The Gedung Arca also houses two temporary exhibition halls, one in the ground floor and another is in the basement floor. This temporary exhibition usually held for several weeks to a month, with specific focus of interest. For example, the specific exhibitions of Indonesian ancient empires; the Majapahit Exhibition in 2007[8] and the Srivijaya Exhibition in 2017.[21]

The Majapahit Exhibition in 2007 was meant to revisit the archaeological aspect, cultural and historic legacy of Majapahit as the center of a great civilization in the archipelago. The artefacts being displayed in this exhibition among others are the Negarakretagama manuscript, the statue of Raden Wijaya depicted as Harihara from Candi Simping, pieces of pottery, ceramics, temple bas-reliefs and building foundations dated from Majapahit period.[8] The Kedatuan Sriwijaya exhibition held on November 2017 focussed on the Srivijaya maritime empire in its relation to global spice trade.[21]

Indonesian Heritage Society
A 9th-century silver statue of Manjusri, discovered in Ngemplak, Simongan, Semarang. Collection of the National Museum.

The Indonesian Heritage Society is a non-profit organization which promotes interest in and knowledge of Indonesia's cultural heritage. Formed by and for members of the multinational community of Jakarta in 1970, it is involved in projects supporting the Museum Nasional. Activities include:[22]

  • 2 series of six lectures each year
  • Study Groups
  • Library
  • Publishing of books, a quarterly newsletter, calendars etc.
  • Sales

Activities related to the museum include:

  • Museum tours (in English, French, Japanese and Korean)[23]
  • Volunteer translation of Museum documents
  • School Programs - presentations at English and Japanese international schools
  • Project groups[22]

Similarly, the IHS supports the Jakarta History Museum, Textile Museum and Maritime Museum.[22]

See also

References
  1. Rosi, Adele (1998). Museum Nasional Guide Book. Jakarta: PT Indo Multi Media, Museum Nasional and Indonesian Heritage Society. p. 2.
  2. "Museum Nasional in Jakarta, Indonesia". Lonely Planet. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  3. "A Big Plan for Indonesia's National Museum". Global Indonesian Voices - GIV. July 16, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  4. Rosi, Adele (1998). Museum Nasional Guide Book. Jakarta: PT Indo Multi Media, Museum Nasional and Indonesian Heritage Society. p. 4.
  5. Endang Sri Hardiati; Nunus Supardi; Trigangga; Ekowati Sundari; Nusi Lisabilla; Ary Indrajanto; Wahyu Ernawati; Budiman; Rini (2014). Trigangga (ed.). Potret Museum Nasional Indonesia, Dulu, Kini dan Akan Datang - Pameran "Potret Museum Nasional Indonesia, Dulu, Kini dan Akan Datang", Museum Nasional Indonesia, 17-24 Mei 2014. Jakarta: National Museum of Indonesia, Directorate General of Culture, Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia.
  6. "VCM – Shared Cultural Heritage". masterpieces.asemus.museum. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  7. https://munas.kemdikbud.go.id/mw/index.php Encyclopedia National Museum of Indonesia
  8. "Presiden Resmikan Gedung Arca Museum Nasional". Tempo (in Indonesian). June 20, 2007. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  9. "Artifacts stolen from National Museum". thejakartapost.com. The Jakarta Post. September 13, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  10. Indonesia, CNN. "Wajah dan Harapan Baru Museum Nasional Indonesia". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  11. Yuliasri Perdani; Ardila Syakriah. "Prince Diponegoro's kris returned ahead of Dutch royal visit". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  12. Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (March 10, 2020). "The 'kris' of Prince Diponegoro returned to Indonesia - News item - netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  13. "Lonely Planet review on Museum Nasional".
  14. King Adityawarman
  15. "Arca Prajnyaparamita Koleksi Museum Nasional Nomor Inventaris 17774". Sistem Registrasi Nasional Cagar Budaya (in Indonesian). Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  16. "Arca Manjusri Koleksi Museum Nasional Nomor Inventaris 5899/A 1105". Sistem Registrasi Nasional Cagar Budaya (in Indonesian). Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  17. "Museum in Jakarta". Archived from the original on March 29, 2010.
  18. Rosi, Adele (1998). Museum Nasional Guide Book. Jakarta: PT Indo Multi Media,Museum Nasional and Indonesian Heritage Society. p. 54.
  19. Rosi, Adele (1998). Museum Nasional Guide Book. Jakarta: PT Indo Multi Media,Museum Nasional and Indonesian Heritage Society. p. 18.
  20. Sri Handari, Dedah Rufaedah (2007). Katalog "Gedung Arca" Museum Nasional. Jakarta: Museum Nasional. p. 2.
  21. Partogi, Sebastian. "Sriwijaya role model for Indonesian development". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  22. "About Us". Indonesian Heritage Society. September 21, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  23. "Indonesian Heritage Society - Jakarta, Indonesia". Living in Indonesia. July 11, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016.

Literature
  • Lenzi, Iola (2004). Museums of Southeast Asia. Singapore: Archipelago Press. p. 200. ISBN 981-4068-96-9.
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