National Defense Service Medal

The National Defense Service Medal (NDSM) was first intended to be a "blanket campaign medal" awarded to service members who served honorably during a designated time period of which a "national emergency" had been declared during a time of war or conflict. It may also be issued to active military members for any other period that the Secretary of Defense designates.

To date, the NDSM has been awarded for four specific time periods, which roughly correspond to the Korean (1950-1954), Vietnam (1961-1974) and Gulf War (1990-1995) eras as well as the Global War on Terrorism (2001 to date).

The NDSM was established by Executive Order 10448, issued by President Dwight Eisenhower on April 22, 1953. While no document is known which explains the rationale for the award, it was apparently established to recognize all service members who served during the Korean War to include those who did not serve in the war zone. (Service members who served in the war zone received the Korean Service Medal, established by President Harry Truman in 1950.) Originally, awards of the NDSM were retroactive to June 27, 1950 - the date the Korean War began.

Eligibility for the NDSM was expanded by executive orders issued in 1966 (EO 11265), 1991 (EO 12776 and EO 12778) and 2003 (EO 13293).

A memorandum from the Office of the Deputy Secretary of Defense, dated 26 April 2002, authorized the reinstatement of the NDSM for all active duty personnel retroactive to 11 September 2001. Executive Order 13293 amended EO 10448 to extend eligibility to all Selected Reserve personnel (i.e. actively drilling members of the reserve components to include the National Guard). As the EO amended was the EO establishing the NDSM, this made Selected Reserve personnel from all previous eligibility periods eligible for the NDSM.

Currently, the National Defense Service Medal is the oldest service medal (as opposed to decorations for particular achievements such as valor or meritorious service and Good Conduct Medals) currently awarded by all branches of the United States Armed Forces. The only two older currently awarded service medals are the Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal, established in 1919, and the Navy Expeditionary Medal, established in 1936. The oldest currently awarded combat decoration is the Medal of Honor, which was established in 1862, and the oldest currently awarded non-combat decoration is the Army's Distinguished Service Medal, established in 1918. The Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and Army Good Conduct Medals were established in 1869, 1896, 1923 and 1941 respectively. The Selected Marine Corps Reserve Medal was established in 1925.

As the NDSM has been awarded to all military personnel during four wartime periods, it has millions of recipients and is probably the most widely awarded medal in the history of the United States military, with the possible exception of the World War II Victory Medal.

The National Defense Service Medal is authorized for all active duty and selected reserve United States military personnel, regardless of length of service, with no requirement for overseas or combat service, for the following time periods:[3]

The National Defense Service Medal (NDSM) is awarded to anyone who serves on active duty in the United States Armed Forces during the above time periods.[4] Originally, reserve component service during the Korean and Vietnam periods of eligibility, other than those Reserve Component personnel in a full-time status or on active duty greater than 89 days, did not qualify for award of the NDSM. This was changed by Executive Order 13293, signed on 28 March 2003, to include selected reserve personnel during all periods of eligibility.

For service in the Persian Gulf War, members of the Reserve Component (in good standing), to include the National Guard, were initially awarded the NDSM when called to active duty service, but this was later expanded to include all members of the Reserve or National Guard in good standing on the Reserve Active Status List (or equivalent) during the eligibility period.[5]

For service in the Global War on Terrorism, Selected Reserve and National Guard members need only to have been in good standing to receive the NDSM and no active duty service is required.[6] Inactive Ready Reserve and Retired Reserve are not eligible to be awarded the NDSM unless called to active duty.

The medal is authorized to cadets and midshipmen at the military service academies after they are sworn into service, as well as pre-commission officer candidates/trainees at the Officer Candidate Schools or Officer Training Schools of the various U.S. Armed Forces; but is not granted to discharged or retired military personnel who did not serve in one of the above time periods; nor is it authorized for Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets and midshipmen at colleges and universities who enlisted in the inactive reserve (i.e., Obligated Reserve Section or ORS) during qualifying periods.

The NDSM ranks fourth out of twenty-nine in the order of precedence of service medals. There is no time requirement for the medal's issuance, meaning that someone who joins the United States Armed Forces for simply a few days, and then receives an entry level discharge, would technically be entitled to the NDSM; in practice, however, military clerks will not add the NDSM on a DD Form 214 if the service member performed duty for less than 90 days from the completion of their initial entry training. This accounts for the medal's omission from many "uncharacterized" and "entry level" separation documents. Veterans who have this medal so omitted may apply to the military service departments to have the NDSM added to records via a DD Form 215.[7]

Additional awards of the National Defense Service Medal are authorized for members of the military who served in more than one of the eligible time periods. Each additional award is denoted by a ​³⁄₁₆-inch bronze service star attached to the suspension and service ribbon of the medal (a six award is indicated by one ​³⁄₁₆-inch silver star). A second award of the medal is not granted for reenlisting during the same time period or transferring between branches of service.[8] Prior to the late-1970s, members of the Army who had received two NDSMs (i.e. Korean era and Vietnam era) wore an oak leaf cluster on the ribbon rather than a star. Recipients of three NDSMs are rare and no individual has received the NDSM for all four eligibility periods.

NDSM ribbons with ​³⁄₁₆ inch bronze stars

First award: service ribbon only

Second award: one ​3⁄16-inch bronze star

Third award: two ​3⁄16-inch bronze stars

Fourth award: three ​3⁄16-inch bronze stars

• American Defense Service Medal
• Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
• Korean Service Medal
• Southwest Asia Service Medal
• Vietnam Service Medal

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