Mumps orthorubulavirus

Mumps orthorubulavirus (MuV) is the causative agent of mumps.[1] Mumps virus is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family of enveloped, non-segmented, negative-sense RNA viruses.[2] The signs of mumps include swelling of the parotid glands, salivary glands and other epithelial tissues. Symptoms of mumps are fatigue, body aches, headache, loss of appetite, low grade fever, swelling of the salivary glands.[3] Mumps can also result in muscle pain, deafness, meningitis, pancreatitis, swelling of testicles or ovaries, and death.[4] Most people who contract mumps show symptoms of the virus, however there are few who show no or very few symptoms. Natural infection is currently restricted to humans and the virus is transmitted by direct contact, droplet spread, or contaminated objects.

Mumps orthorubulavirus
TEM micrograph of a Mumps orthorubulavirus particle
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Monjiviricetes
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Paramyxoviridae
Genus: Orthorubulavirus
Species:
Mumps orthorubulavirus

It is a vaccine-preventable disease, although significant outbreaks have occurred in recent years. Most people who get mumps cannot contract the disease a second time.[3]

The virus was previously named Mumps rubulavirus prior to 2018, but when the virus was reassigned to the then newly established Orthorubulavirus, the virus's name was changed to Mumps orthorubulavirus.[5]

Basic morphology and genotypes

Electron microscopy (EM) revealed that the mumps virus (MuV), has an enveloped small infectious agents of roughly spherical shapes. Paramyxovirus particles can have sizes ranging from 120–450 nm in diameter.

These particles consist of what is known as a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex: a single-stranded, linear RNA genome coated by nucleocapsid proteins (NP) in association with an RNA polymerase complex of both large (L) and phosphoprotein (P) sub units. It has been estimated that over 2,000 such NP molecules coat the genome along with about 250 P and 25 L molecules.

This RNP structure interacts with the viral envelope via matrix (M) proteins that are evenly distributed around the virion. The envelope, a lipid bilayer derived from the host-cell plasma membrane, harbours multiple copies of a number of glycoproteins required for virus entry and exit: hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), fusion (F), and the small hydrophobic (SH) protein.

This molecular assembly of protein, RNA, and lipids allows a single virus to bind to and infect specific cells and replicate itself and finally exit the cell to be transmitted to the next susceptible host.The mumps virus can infect ependymal cells in the central nervous system.[6]

Although there is only one serotype of the mumps virus, there are currently 12 genotypes A-N, (namely A, B, C, D, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, N), The typing scheme is based on the sequence of the small hydrophobic (SH) gene.

Vaccinations

Doses of Vaccine

Several strains are used to vaccinate against mumps. These include the strains Jeryl Lynn, L-Zagreb, Leningrad-3 and Rubini and Urabe. Several strains are used to vaccinate against mumps, combination measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) given between 12–15 months old and measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccines given between the age 4 -6. Two doses of mumps vaccine are 88% (range 31% to 95%) effective at preventing the disease; one dose is 78% (range 49% to 91%) effective. [4] most people experience no side effects from the vaccine. Some people experience a mild fever or rash or achy joints for a short time.  [1]

References

  1. "Mumps".
  2. Rubin, Steven; Eckhaus, Michael; Rennick, Linda J; Bamford, Connor GG; Duprex, W Paul (January 2015). "Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus". The Journal of Pathology. 235 (2): 242–252. doi:10.1002/path.4445. ISSN 0022-3417. PMC 4268314. PMID 25229387.
  3. Roth, Erica (July 31, 2017). "Mumps: Prevention, Symptoms, and Treatment". Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  4. "mumps". 18 March 2019.
  5. "Taxonomy". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  6. Tardieu M, Weiner HL (January 1982). "Viral receptors on isolated murine and human ependymal cells". Science. 215 (4531): 419–21. Bibcode:1982Sci...215..419T. doi:10.1126/science.6276976. PMID 6276976.
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