Muisca cuisine

Chicha; alcoholic beverage made from maize and sugar

Aba; maize, the main product for the Muisca

The Muisca cultivated many different crops in their own regions, part of the Muisca Confederation, and obtained more exotic culinary treats through trade with neighbouring indigenous peoples, with as most important; the Lache (cotton, tobacco, tropical fruits, sea snails), Muzo (emeralds, Magdalena River fish, access to gold, spices), Achagua (coca, feathers, yopó, Llanos Basin fish, curare). The climatic variation of the Muisca territories allowed for the agriculture of different crops. Javier Ocampo López describes the Muisca diet as predominantly vegetarian: potatoes, maize, beans, mandioca, tomatoes, calabazas, peppers and numerous fruits. The Muisca also used grains known today as quinoa. Main base for the Muisca cuisine was maize, considered a holy crop. The Muisca roasted corn (maize), ate it off the plant or converted it into popcorn. Main meat was the guinea pig, endemic to South America, which they farmed in their homes. In special cases they ate llamas, alpacas, deer, capybara (chigüiro in Spanish), and fish from the rivers and lakes of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and Magdalena and Llanos through trade. The Muisca drank a lot of chicha, a fermented alcoholic drink of maize and sugar, served in ceramic pots called urdu or aryballus.[3]

Paleodietary studies performed on the Bogotá savanna, where 18 Muisca skeletons ranging in historical age from 8th to 10th century AD and 26 skeletons from the 12th and 13th century AD, together with analysis of 10 mummies of the Guane, Lache and Muisca were analysed, have shown that about 60% of the food of the people consisted of vegetary products and 40% of meat and especially fish.

After the Spanish conquest, the access to meat was drastically reduced changing the diet of the Muisca and other indigenous groups of central Colombia. Studies from Tunja, called Hunza in the time of the Muisca, have shown the people did not suffer from malnutrition though.[4]

Words for maize

Fica; maize leaf

Agua; maize kernels

Chiscami; black maize

As maize was the most important crop and food for the Muisca, their language (Muysccubun) had many different words for maize, parts of the plant and the different processes and eating habits.[5]

Muysccubun	English
aba	maize
abqui	corncob
abzie	maize hairs
fica	maize leaf
agua	maize kernels
amne	maize stem
abtiba	yellow maize
chiscami	black maize
fuquiepquijiza	white maize
fusuamuy	half-coloured maize
jachua	hard maize
jichuami	rice maize
pochuba	soft coloured maize
sasami	coloured maize
amtaquin	dry maize stem
amne chijuchua	green maize stem
absum	maize seed
abitago	maize surplus
abquy	grainless maize
bcahachysuca	removing maize grains
lie bun	maize roll
chochoca	seasoned maize

Achira

Sweet potatoes

Rocoto or Capsicum pubescens

The Muisca cultivated their crops in so-called camellones, artificially elevated surfaces that allowed the roots of the crops to be sufficiently irrigated with the -on average 700-1000 mm of- rain in a year and drainage systems regulating the water levels.[6]

Main plants to be cultivated were:

• Canna edulis or achira, one of the first plants cultivated in the Andes[7]
• Arracacia xanthorrhiza or arracacha, ideally grown at altitudes of 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) and above, used in soups, grilled, boiled, fried or baked[8]
• Tropaeolum tuberosum, ideally grown at high altitudes exceeding 3,000 metres (9,800 ft)[9]
• Oxalis tuberosa, although this root is not native to Colombia, it was used by pre-Columbian societies in Cundinamarca and Boyacá, after being introduced from its place of origin in Peru, where the majority of varieties are found[10]
• Ullucus tuberosum or ulluco, used in various traditional dishes, still today[11]
• Polymnia edulis, eaten raw, usually with a bit of salt, also eaten traditionally today[12]
• Solanum tuberosum, Solanum colombianum, Solanum andigens, Solanum rybinii and Solanum boyacense, the different types of potatoes were a lesser part of the Muisca diet; maize was more important[12]
• Manihot esculenta or yuca, a very important tuber in the diet of the South American indigenous people, cultivated as of 1120 BCE and still one of the most important ingredients in Colombian and other Latin-American cuisine[13]
• Ipomoea batatas, sweet potatoes, as evidenced from 3200 years before present in Zipacón[14]

Fruits

Lulo, national fruit of Colombia

Coca leaves

• Inga feuillei, where not the seeds yet the fruit was eaten[19]
• Curcubita maxima and Curcubita pepo, pumpkins, earliest evidence from Zipacón already 3860 BCE[20]
• Capsicum sp, such as C. pubescens, C. annuum, C. frutens, C.baccatum, peppers were common in the Americas and in Colombia, mainly product of trading with the U'wa (Tunebos)[21][22]
• Ananas comosus, pineapple, widely grown[23]
• Physalis peruviana or uchuva, typical fruit of Colombia, grown at altitudes above 2,200 metres (7,200 ft)[24]
• Solanum quitoense or lulo, the national fruit of Colombia[25]
• Passiflora, a wide variety of passionfruits,[26] such as P. mixta, P. cumablensis, P. antioquiensis and P. ambigua and the largest species P. quadrangularis[27]
• Persea americana or avocado[28]
• Psidium guajava, guava[29]
• Cyphomandra betacea, tree tomato[30]
• Annona cherimola, A. muricata and A. squamosal[31]
• Carica or papaya[32]
• Vaccinium meridionale[33]
• Rubus glaucus, R. macrocarpus and R. adenotrichus[34]

Using the abundant coal of the Muisca territories, they heated their ovens and cooked their food.[43]

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