Metaphysical solipsism

Metaphysical solipsism is the variety of idealism which asserts that nothing exists externally to this one mind, and since this mind is the whole of reality then the "external world" was never anything more than an idea. It can also be expressed by the assertion "there is nothing external to these present experiences", in other words, no reality exists beyond whatever is presently being sensed. The aforementioned definition of solipsism entails the non-existence of anything presently unperceived including the external world, causation, other minds (including God's mind or a subconscious mind), the past or future, and a subject of experience. Despite their ontological non-existence, these entities may nonetheless be said to "exist" as useful descriptions of the various experiences and thoughts that constitute 'this' mind. The solipsistic self is described by Wittgenstein in the Tractatus: "The self of solipsism shrinks to a point without extension and there remains the reality co-ordinated with it" (TLP 5.64).

There are weaker versions of metaphysical solipsism, such as Caspar Hare's egocentric presentism (or perspectival realism), in which other persons are conscious but their experiences are simply not present. Similarly, J. J. Valberg develops a concept of one's personal horizon and discusses how it is in a sense the (preeminent) horizon, stating that "we are all solipsists" in his sense of solipsism.[1]

Arguments for metaphysical solipsism

The argument in favor of solipsism:

  • The only thing one has direct access to is the contents of one's own mind (one's mental states). What one knows most certainly are one's mental states – one's thoughts, experiences, emotions, and so on.
  • Just because one sees an object does not mean that the object exists. One could be dreaming or hallucinating. There is no direct conceptual or logically necessary link between the mental and the physical.
  • The experiences of a given person are necessarily private to that person. The contents of one's mind are the only things one has direct access to. One cannot get ‘outside’ of one's mind to encounter any other objects including other persons. Other minds are even more removed.

The basic form of the argument:

  • Person's mental states are the only things they have access to.
  • One cannot conclude the existence of anything outside of their mental states.
    • Therefore, only their mental states exist.

Similar philosophy is found in Hindu religion, namely drishti-srishti-vada.[2] In teachings of Ramana Maharshi there are two cues on solipsism:

"Jiva is called so because he sees the world. A dreamer sees many jivas in a dream, but all of them are not real. The dreamer alone exists and he sees all. So it is with the individual and the world. There is the creed of only one Self, which is also called the creed of only one jiva. It says that the jiva is the only one who sees the whole world and the lives therein."


It is important to say that Drishti -Srishti Vada is not Solipsism in a western oriented thinking because the Solipsist never doubts the existence of his 'I',the Ego sense, as distinct and apart from what he sees.

The Drishti-Srishti Vada equally dismisses the 'I', The Ego sense along with the 'seen'. Please see this important distinction.

Criticism of metaphysical solipsism

One reason for the lack of support of this philosophical position is how strange it would be for a solipsist to preach solipsism – as if to convince everyone around them that they are purely a figment of the author's own imagination. The very idea of communicating philosophical ideas would be arbitrary to a true solipsist, as according to them, there is no other mind with whom they would communicate their beliefs.

Russell commented, on the same theme:

"As against solipsism, it is to be said, in the first place, that it is psychologically impossible to believe, and is rejected in fact even by those who mean to accept it. I once received a letter from an eminent logician, Mrs. Christine Ladd-Franklin, saying that she was a solipsist, and was surprised that there were no others. Coming from a logician, this surprised me. The fact that I cannot believe something does not prove that it is false, but it does prove that I am insincere and frivolous if I pretend to believe it." (Russell, p. 180).

The basic argument for solipsism is that, because the mind can not conclude the existence of anything external, therefore nothing external exists, only the appearance of it. In a dream, we experience ourselves as a body in a world, encountering other people and phenomena. But when we wake up, we realize that all of it was just our mental projection (even if the dream characters asserted they were real). This is a consistent experience we have day after day. The dream experience helps us understand that the waking world is no different than a dream- we wake up, aware of ourselves in a body, in a world, encountering other people and phenomena. The so called consistency of this 'waking' dream world is a result of the memory of the dreamer and the attachment that the dreamer has to this dream body/world. The idea of "awakening" in spirituality is precisely that- waking up from this dream world by breaking attachment to the dream body.

See also

References
  1. Valberg, J. J. (2007). Dream, Death, and the Self. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691128597.
  2. , Drishti-sristi-vada.
  • Angeles, Peter A. (1992), Harper Collins Dictionary of Philosophy, 2nd edition, Harper Perennial, New York, NY.
  • Runes, Dagobert D. (ed.), Dictionary of Philosophy, Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ, 1962.
  • Russell, B., Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1948.
  • Wood, Ledger (1962), "Solipsism", p. 295 in Runes (ed.), Dictionary of Philosophy, Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ.
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