Melissenos

Melissenos (Greek: Μελισσηνός), latinized Melissenus, feminine form Melissene (Μελισσηνή), latinized Melissena, was the name of a noble Byzantine family that flourished from the late 8th century on until the end of the Byzantine Empire and beyond.

General Pyotr Melissino

History

The Melissenoi are one of the oldest known aristocratic Eastern Roman families of the middle Byzantine period.[1][2] Genealogies from the 16th and 17th centuries trace the family to a patrikios Michael, relative of Michael I Rhangabe (reigned 811–813) and his son the magistros Leo,[3] but the family stretches back another half-century to the general Michael Melissenos, a favourite of Emperor Constantine V (r. 741–775). This Michael married a sister of Constantine's wife, Eudokia, and their son, Theodore Kassiteras Melissenos, became Patriarch of Constantinople in 815–821.[3][4][5]

In the 9th–11th centuries, they were mostly active in Asia Minor, serving as generals and governors of the local themes. In the late 11th century, the family seems to have had ties particularly with the area of Dorylaion in Phrygia.[6][7]

The Melissenoi also appear to have maintained close ties to the other families comprising the military aristocracy (the dynatoi) of this period, which likewise mostly originated from Asia Minor.[6][8] Thus, two of the Melissenoi, the doux of Antioch Leo and his brother Theognostos, supported the aristocratic revolt of Bardas Phokas the Younger in the early reign of Basil II (r. 976–1025).[3][9][10] For the remainder of Basil's reign, the Melissenoi do not appear to have occupied high military posts, but they re-appear among the highest rungs of the aristocracy in the later 11th century,[11] when a Theognostes Melissenos was katepano of Mesopotamia, while Maria Melissene was one of the few holders of the exalted title of zoste patrikia.[3]

General Alexey Melissino

In the 1080s the general Nikephoros Melissenos, after launching a rebellion against Nikephoros III Botaneiates (r. 1078–1081), accommodated himself with Botaneiates' successor, Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118), whose sister Eudokia he had married, in exchange for the title of Caesar and estates near Thessalonica.[3][12][13] Under the Komnenian emperors, the Melissenoi were chiefly civil officials,[3] but despite their family ties to the reigning dynasty, the family ceased occupying high state offices after ca. 1118.[14]

In the 13th century, a branch of the family are attested as landowners around Smyrna,[3] while other branches of the family settled in the Morea and in Epirus, and a lady of the house even married Michael I Komnenos Doukas, the founder of the Despotate of Epirus.[15] Later traditions also hold that an Andreas Melissenos moved to Crete during Alexios I's reign, founding there a local branch of the family.[3] From this line the later Melissenoi descended, including Patriarch Gregory III of Constantinople (1443–1450).[16] Another prominent descendant of the family was the 18th-century Russian general Pyotr Melissino, born in Cephalonia. His son, Aleksey, also became a general in the Imperial Russian Army, and served in the Patriotic War of 1812. He was killed at the Battle of Dresden in 1813.

Coat of arms of the Russian branch of the family

The 16th-century historian and metropolitan of Monemvasia, Makarios Melissenos, was not an actual member of the family, but adopted the surname during his exile at the court of Naples.[17]

References
  1. Krsmanović 2003, Chapter 1.
  2. Cheynet 1990, p. 256.
  3. Kazhdan 1991, p. 1335.
  4. Rochow 1994, pp. 11–12.
  5. Krsmanović 2003, Chapter 3.
  6. Krsmanović 2003, Chapter 2.
  7. Cheynet 1990, p. 217.
  8. Cheynet 1990, pp. 212–213, 217.
  9. Jordanov 1986, pp. 183–187.
  10. Krsmanović 2003, Chapter 4.
  11. Cheynet 1990, p. 334.
  12. Cheynet 1990, pp. 238, 277, 355ff..
  13. Krsmanović 2003, Chapter 5.
  14. Krsmanović 2003, Chapter 6.
  15. Cheynet 1990, pp. 243–244.
  16. Melisseidis 2004, pp. 120–126.
  17. Jeffreys & Kazhdan 1991, pp. 1335–1336.

Sources
  • Cheynet, Jean-Claude (1990). Pouvoir et Contestations à Byzance (963–1210) (in French). Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne. ISBN 978-2-85944-168-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Jordanov, I. (1986). "Les sceaux de deux chefs militaires byzantins trouvés à Preslav: le magistros Léon Melissenos et le patrice Theodorakan". Byzantinoslavica (in French). 8: 183–187.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). "Melissenos". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1335. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Jeffreys, Elizabeth M.; Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). "Melissenos, Makarios". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1335–1336. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Krsmanović, Bojana (2003). "Melissenos Family". Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Foundation of the Hellenic World. Retrieved 6 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Melisseidis, Ioannis A., ed. (2004). Εάλω η Πόλις. Το χρονικό της άλωσης της Κωνσταντινούπολης. Συνοπτική ιστορία των γεγονότων στην Κωνσταντινούπολη κατά την περίοδο 1440 - 1453 (in Greek). Vergina. ISBN 960-7171-91-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Rochow, Ilse (1994). Kaiser Konstantin V. (741–775). Materialien zu seinem Leben und Nachleben (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. ISBN 3-631-47138-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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