Marineland of Canada

Marineland (official name Marineland of Canada Inc.), is a themed zoo and amusement park in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. The park has performing marine animal shows, sea mammal and land animal exhibits, and amusement rides. It keeps dolphins, walruses, sea lions, an orca, and beluga whales. The park also keeps bears, deer and other land animals. It was founded and operated by John Holer, a controversial Slovenian immigrant, from 1961 until his death in 2018. It is privately owned-and-operated by his family.

Marineland of Canada Inc.
Official logo of Marineland
SloganEveryone Loves MarineLand!
Location7657 Portage Road
Niagara Falls, Ontario
L2E 6X8
Coordinates43°03′56″N 79°04′21″W
Owner
  • John Holer (1961–2018)
  • Holer Family Amusements (2018–present)
Opened1961; 59 years ago
Previous names
  • Marine Wonderland and Animal Farm
  • Marineland and Game Farm
Operating seasonMay–October
Attractions
Total15
Roller coasters2
WebsiteOfficial site
A 1967 flyer for Marineland, using the older name "Marineland and Game Farm"

The park's keeping of sea mammals is controversial, and the park is involved in several lawsuits related to the practice. The keeping of the sea mammals is opposed by animal rights activists and Marineland has been the site of animal rights demonstrations.

Facility

Marineland of Canada keeps about 4,000 land and marine animals.[1] Marineland operates 16 rides ranging from rides for children, to thrill rides for adults.[2] The marine animals perform several times daily at King Waldorf Stadium. The park does not release annual attendance figures. Published amounts range from 250,000[3] to 500,000[4] annually.

Marineland is a former member of Canada's Accredited Zoos and Aquariums (CAZA). The company "voluntarily and temporarily" withdrew from CAZA in May 2017, stating it was expanding the area for animals and "will be continuing to work with CAZA to ensure that the expansion is successfully harmonized with CAZA principles".[5]

Marine exhibits

Marineland keeps beluga whales, bottlenose dolphins, grey seals, harbour seals, sea lions, a walrus (Smooshi) and one orca ('killer whale'). The belugas are kept in Arctic Cove, Friendship Cove and King Waldorf Stadium. As of August 2017, Marineland had 53 belugas.[6]

Kiska is the only orca at Marineland.[7][6] A 2012 report stated that Marineland was then looking for a companion for their orca.[8] Since then, it appears that Kiska will be the last orca that the park will own. On May 28, 2015, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Amendment Act. The act prohibits the possession or breeding of orcas in Ontario while allowing Marineland to keep its orca.[9][10] Marineland has stated its opposition to moving Kiska. A lawyer acting for the park in 2015 made the following comment: "She's very elderly, so it's the equivalent of taking someone who is 80 years old or 90 years old in an old folks' home and moving them into an apartment in the Village in New York ... and it is entirely reasonable, achievable and appropriate to provide for her, on loan from another facility, an age-appropriate companion" but added that the 2015 Ontario Act does not allow for that.[11][12]

  • Friendship Cove: This exhibit was built for the display of orcas and now also houses belugas. According to Marineland, it is the world's largest whale habitat for viewing above ground and below.[13] Friendship Cove currently holds one orca: Kiska (female, currently age 42). There are three pools in Friendship Cove. In pool A, there are 12 belugas: Burnaby, Eve, Horus, Jellybean, Orion, Qila, Neva, Mira, Osiris, Rain and Tuk. Pool B is the habitat for Kiska and pool C is a medical pool that Kiska uses.
  • Arctic Cove: Is the main beluga whale exhibit. The design of the exhibit allows viewing above and below ground. Guests also have the opportunity to pet and feed the beluga whales for a fee. These interaction sessions occur throughout the day.[14] There are three pools in Arctic Cove: two habitat pools and a medical pool. There are 24 belugas in pool A: Andre, Kodiak, Tank, Isis and Titan, Skyla, Jetta, Ivy, Acadia and Sahara, Aurora, Kharabali, Frankie, Xavier, Ruby, Yara, Wink, Gemini, Secord, Havok, Lillooet, Nahanni, Kelowna and Skara. There are 14 belugas in pool B: Xena and Calf, Sierra and Calf, Jubilee and Calf, Meeka and Calf, Peekachu and Calf, Caspian and Calf, and Cleo and Calf.
  • King Waldorf Stadium: Opened on July 1, 1971, this is the main stadium where marine animals perform. The show has sea lions, a walrus and bottlenose dolphins. There are four habitat pools. In the left side pool are five dolphins: Tsunami, Echo, Lida, Sonar and Marina. In the right side pool, two belugas are kept: Charmin and Tofino. In the two backstage areas, there are five female California sea lions: Holly, Malibu, Sydney, Maui and Cleveland. In the other backstage area is the walrus Smooshi.
  • Aquarium Dome: This facility, opened in 1966, is now a seal habitat. It houses five harbor seals: Curry, Poppy, Baby, Squamish, Larry; and a grey seal named Delphine.
  • Warehouse: This area has a four-quadrant pool area, along with a separate pool currently used to house dolphins during the winter months. Marineland has several animals off exhibit from King Waldorf Theatre. This structure was added in the mid-1970s. There are five California sea lions: Holly, Malibu, Sydney, Maui, Cleveland; a walrus Smooshi, and five dolphins in winter: Lida, Echo, Tsunami, Sonar and Marina.
  • One of the orcas (Nootka 5)
  • Deer
  • Feeding a beluga named Priscilla
  • Orcas during performance (orca is Athena)

Land animals

Marineland has many animals throughout the park that are not cetaceans or pinnipeds. Marineland has carried over these animals from its days as a 'game farm'.

  • Bear Country: an area featuring black bears sits below a viewing deck, where visitors can throw Corn Pops cereal (originally marshmallows) to them.
  • Deer Park: European Fallow Deer are in a fenced-in area which allows people to move about freely. Food is provided for a fee.
  • Carp Pond: An area in which carp and koi gather around "deck bridges", allowing easy viewing and feeding for a fee.
  • Elk and Buffalo: allow for easy viewing of these creatures grazing. Feeding also available for a fee.

Rides

Marineland has a collection of different rides, including a pair of roller coasters and a large launched free fall.

Ride Manufacturer Model Year Description
Boat Carousel Mack Rides Wikingefahrt Carousel composed of ornate boats.[2][15]
Bumble Bee Spinning flat ride with bee-shaped vehicles.[2]
Dragon Mountain Arrow-HUSS Custom Looping Coaster 1983 Opened as the world's largest (not longest) non-stop roller coaster - covering 30 acres (1,300,000 sq ft).[2] It features tunnels that lead to the queue area, has two consecutive vertical loops and a bow tie loop. A section of the roller coaster passes through a back section of Marineland and may not have been finished.[16]
Flying Dragon Magic Carpet <=1992 A flat ride that raises and drops riders in a circular motion.[2][17]
Hurricane Cove A flat ride with boat-shaped cars that travel around a central point.[2]
Kandu's Twister Tea Cups A classic tea cups style ride with vehicles with orcas on them.[2]
Lady Bug Coaster Zierer Tivoli 1979 Small family roller coaster with a series of turns.[2] Originally known as Tivoli Coaster.[18]
Ocean Odyssey Zierer Flying Gondolas 2010 Rotating flat ride themed to a giant purple octopus with 12 fish-shaped vehicles.[19][20][21][2]
Orca Screamer Zierer Family Freefall Tower Miniature drop tower.[2][22]
Sky Hawk HUSS Condor <=1990 Spinning ride that lifts riders up to a high height.[2][23]
Sky Screamer S&S - Sansei Technologies Launched Free Fall 2004 300 feet (91 m) high launched free fall situated on a 150-foot-tall (46 m) hill, making the total height of the ride 450 feet (140 m). Ascending riders experience 4Gs, while descending riders experience a -2Gs.[2][24]
Space Avenger <=1990 Circular flat ride that allows passengers to control a spaceship.[2][23]
Tivoli Wheel Zierer Ferris Wheel <=1990 Small Ferris Wheel with 8 arms.[2][25][26][23]
Viking Adventure Zierer Kontiki <=1992 Spinning flat ride that rocks back-and-forth.[2][27][17]
Wave Swinger Chairswing <=1990 Classic spinning swings ride.[2][23]
Star Voyager Zierer star shape 2020 The Star Shape’s name is derived from its gondola arms mounted in a star-shaped pattern with five seats each. These arms turn in circles at the upper end of a 30 meter long main mast

Defunct rides
Ride Manufacturer Model Year Opened Year Closed Description
Topple Tower HUSS Topple Tower 2007 2011 The topple tower suffered extensive self-inflicted damage to its support structure, and last operated in 2011. It never re-opened.[28]
Magic Experience HUSS Magic 1992 2019 A spinning flat ride with a large black bear perched atop the center.[2][17]

History

The park was founded by John Holer, a Slovenian immigrant who had worked in circuses in Europe.[3] Holer and a partner bought a portion of the Harry Oakes estate near the falls. The park opened in 1961 as "Marine Wonderland and Animal Farm".[29][30] Holer welded two large steel tanks together and brought in three sea lions and charged one quarter for admission and another to feed the animals.[29] The attraction also featured an underwater show featuring two female swimmers.[31]

In 1963, a trained sea lion "Jeff" escaped from Marine Wonderland and made it to the Niagara River and went over the falls. Holer offered a CA$50 reward and organized a helicopter search.[32] The seal was recaptured by Holer a few days later in Queenston, where it was found sunning itself with teenager Tommy Haines, who was given the reward.[33]

In 1964, Holer added two dolphins, along with a few other animals and the attraction became known as "Marineland And Game Farm".[31] By 1966, a 2,000-seat "aquatheatre" was completed along with a "grotto" of aquariums and shops.[31] The grotto in the new Aquarium Dome contained eight tanks used to display fresh-water fish.[34] The park became a popular family attraction and recorded an annual attendance of 250,000 for the 1967 season.[35] In 1968, the park added alligators.[34] Neighbouring attraction "Niagara Falls Indian Village" closed down after the 1968 season and Marineland purchased their property.[36]

In 1971, Marineland added orcas. "Kandu" became the park's major attraction. In 1973, the aquarium purchased "Kandy", a 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) female orca captured off Vancouver Island in 1973 to mate with Kandu,[37] but she died later that year. Kandu lived until 1979 and was replaced by "Nootka", captured and brought to the park in 1981. Nootka lived until 2008.[6] By 1975, the park kept over 1,000 animals and claimed to be Niagara Falls' "most popular attraction after the falls."[38]

In 1975, Marineland became involved in a controversy over another orca captured off Vancouver Island. The capture of 'Kanduke' by the Sealand of the Pacific aquarium of Victoria, British Columbia for purchase by Marineland was blocked by the Government of British Columbia, at the instigation of Greenpeace activists. Claimed to be property by the BC government and resources by the Government of Canada, the orca eventually was transported to Marineland after it was determined that orcas were a resource under the control of the Canadian government.[39] The incident led to the ending of the capture of orcas in British Columbia waters.

In 1976, Marineland announced a CA$50 million expansion on 1,000 adjacent acres, to include a 400-acre "safari park" and amusement centre.[40] Construction began on a new 15,000 seat stadium and pool for killer whales.[41] Marineland purchased two locomotives for a steam train railroad.[42] When plans for Canada's Wonderland were announced, Holer decided to further increase the park's expansion plans, adding a Gothic castle, canals and the world's largest roller coaster, for a total cost of CA$80 million.[43] The "Dragon Mountain" roller coaster opened in 1983 along with other rides. At a cost of CA$9 million, the roller coaster opened without CA$3 million reproductions of the American and Horseshoe falls, postponed to the future.[44] In 1984, Holer announced the postponement of part of the expansion, citing an 86% increase in municipal property taxes and threatened to move the facility across the river to the United States.[45]

In 1982, Marineland purchased Keiko, a killer whale from an aquarium in Hafnarfjörður, Iceland. Keiko started performing for the public and developed skin lesions indicative of poor health. He was then sold for $350,000[46] to Reino Aventura (now named Six Flags México), an amusement park in Mexico City, in 1985.[29] Keiko was the star of the movie Free Willy in 1993. After a time at the Oregon Coast Aquarium, (early 1996 to late 1998) Keiko was returned to a sea pen in Iceland in and was released to the ocean in July 2002. He swam to Norway, eventually settling in the Taknes fjord in November 2002, where he was not catching fish and had little contact with wild Orcas; until his death, Keiko was fed daily by the Keiko Project group.[47][48] Keiko died of pneumonia in December 2003.[49]

In 1986, an unidentified trainer was taken to the hospital after he fell off the park's male killer whale, Kandu 7 and was dragged by his leg around the pool during a trick.[50][51]

In 2001, Marineland added walruses to the marine mammals it kept. The first walrus was "Sonja", from the Moscow Zoo. It was joined by "Zeus" and "Apollo" two months later and "Pandora", "Buttercup" and "Buddy" in 2002. Marineland added "Smooshi" and "Azul" in 2004.[52] Sonja died in 2017,[53] Zeus died in 2018.[54]

In 2003, Marineland opened the "Arctic Cove" beluga whale exhibit. Beluga whales were held in Friendship Cove from May 30, 1999, until the opening of Arctic Cove in late 2003. Belugas returned to Friendship Cove in December 2008 following the importation of eight individuals and has held belugas since. Upon the recent 2014 opening season, several belugas were switched between Arctic Cove and Friendship Cove. In 2004, Marineland opened the "Sky Screamer" triple tower ride.

In 2004, Marineland bought the Green Oaks Mobile Home Park across the street from the park with plans to relocate maintenance buildings to the site. In 2009, Marineland evicted 47 families that were tenants at the park. The tenants appealed to the Ontario Landlord and Tenant Board, lost their case and were ordered off the property by March 2010. One tenant committed suicide while others continued to fight Marineland but had to leave in 2011.[55] Holer was ordered to pay $11,000 each to several tenants for harassment.[29]

Holer died on June 23, 2018, aged 82.[3][56] He was praised as an "immigrant success story" by Senator Don Plett (Manitoba).[57] Holer had been seriously ill for five months and died at his home on Chippewa Parkway.[58] Holer was survived by his wife Marie and son Peter. Another son, John Mark Jr., died in 2013.[59]

The Mayor of Niagara Falls, Jim Diodati, sees Marineland at a "crossroads" with three options: to continue the current business model, to sell its 1,000 acres of land to real estate developers or to become an amusement park without animals. Diodati favours the latter option.[59] Marineland's lawyer Andrew Burns said that there would be no immediate changes to the business.[56] At the time of his death, Holer was working on a new aviary attraction for Marineland.[60] According to testimony before a Senate of Canada committee in May 2017, the 100 acres (40 ha) expansion was described as being one of the largest expansions Marineland has ever made. Holer himself described the overall park as only "half-developed."[61]

On opening day in May 2019, two deer died in a stampede in the deer enclosure, which was reopened for the 2019 season. According to Marineland, a father and son caused the stampede, laughed at staff, and refused to leave the enclosure, then slipped away while staff quieted the animals. Marineland closed the deer enclosure afterwards until modifications are implemented to prevent a future stampede.[62] On May 22, it was announced that the 18-year-old walrus "Apollo" had died of heart failure. It was the fourth walrus to die at Marineland within two years, after "Zeus", "Buttercup" and "Sonja" and left Marineland with a single walrus, "Smooshi".[63][64] In June, Marineland opened its new "Polar Splash" splash park attraction at a cost of CA$6 million.[65]

In June 2019, Marineland signed a ten-year partnership agreement with the Mystic Aquarium's Sea Research Foundation (a subsidiary of Ocean Wise Inc.) in research of belugas.[66] In September 2019, it was announced that Marineland had sold two beluga whales to Oceanographic, a Spanish facility owned by Ocean Wise Inc. with the permission of the Canadian government.[67]

Animal rights issues

Since 2012, the park has been the subject of several allegations of poor conditions for its animals by former employees and animal activists have protested outside its gates on several occasions. The park has been inspected by the Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (OSPCA) and Canada's Accredited Zoos and Aquariums (CAZA),[68] many times over the years, some leading to orders issued by the OSPCA.[69]

In 2012, articles were published by the Toronto Star alleging animal mistreatment, resulting in negative publicity.[70] An inspection by the OSPCA and CAZA, however, found "no issues of concern".[68] The Star reported that the OSPCA issued orders to Marineland to improve the water conditions for animals at the park and address specific issues with other animals, and that Marineland complied.[69]

In 2015, the Government of Ontario banned the practice of breeding and keeping orcas in captivity, while allowing the existing one to remain at Marineland. Marineland's orca lives without any social interaction with other orcas, but has not been moved.

In November 2016 and January 2017, the OSPCA received a complaint from a former employee through the animal rights organization Last Chance for Animals. The OSPCA filed some charges against the park in late 2016 and early 2017, but all of the charges were withdrawn by government prosecutors later that year.[71] Marineland has repeatedly stated publicly that the allegations are the work of disgruntled former employees, who have teamed up with activists wholly opposed to the keeping of animals in captivity and organizations which "seem to financially benefit from any resulting downturn in public opinion towards park operations". Marineland has further maintained that they make every effort to ensure the animals in their care are well provided for. The park employs a number of people who care for the animals day-to-day, as well as an experienced and qualified veterinary staff.[72] Although it is a private facility, Marineland must comply with federal and provincial regulations, as well as comply with several animal welfare enforcement agencies, including regular and "snap" inspections. Marineland has filed nine lawsuits against activists, former employees and the media,[73] and a further lawsuit against the OSPCA for malicious prosecution and reputational damage.[74]

Controversies

Marineland and its owner John Holer were involved in many controversies throughout the park's history. Animal rights activists have picketed regularly outside the park property for several years and continue to protest as of 2018.[75]

In 1977, the U.S. Department of Fisheries seized six bottlenose dolphins that had been illegally caught by John Holer in the Gulf of Mexico.[29]

In 1983, Niagara Falls mayor Wayne Thomson resigned amid controversy over a vacation given as a gift by a Toronto development firm and a land purchase made by his then-fiancé Bonnie Dickson. His fiancé bought some land in Niagara Falls from a seller who did not want it to be sold to Marineland. Seven months later, she sold the plot to Marineland. Holer stated she acted as trustee and was accompanied by Thomson.[76]

In the 1980s, Greenpeace was the first activist group to raise concerns about keeping killer whales in captivity. It objected to the keeping in principle, although it stated that Marineland was one of the better facilities. The level of concern grew in the 1990s. In 1997, a protest was held outside the park by Ric O'Barry, the trainer of "Flipper" of the television series. Other organizations present at the protest included Friends of the Dolphins, Zoocheck Canada and Earth Island Institute. The protesters alleged that Marineland separated mother and child killer whales too quickly and four other whales were stored in unsuitable facilities.[77]

In September 2011, SeaWorld won a court battle with Marineland over the fate of "Ikaika", a killer whale. Ikaika had been originally loaned to Marineland under the terms of a breeding loan agreement between the two organizations, but SeaWorld decided to terminate the agreement due to concerns about Ikaika's mental and physical well-being due to deteriorating conditions at the park. Marineland initially refused to return Ikaika, but was eventually ordered to by the Ontario Superior Court as well as pay $255,000 in compensation to SeaWorld for legal expenses.[78]

On September 10, 2012, the Toronto Star published an article quoting former Marineland supervisor Jim Hammond alleging that Marineland owner, John Holer, had shot one of the baby deer in his park through the windpipe with a 12-gauge shotgun, leaving it to choke on its blood without dying. Hammond claimed the park owner refused his pleas for humane euthanasia.[79]

On December 20, 2012, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment announced an investigation into several mass animal graves at the park. The ministry had no previous knowledge of the graves, as Marineland lacks permits for such use.[80] After an investigation by the ministry, Marineland was allowed to continue using a section of the site for animal burials.[81]

On March 5, 2013, the Toronto Star published an article quoting Hammond and a local resident alleging that John Holer had shot two Labrador Retrievers that had escaped a neighbour's house and entered Marineland property. The article also mentioned that Hammond was told by Holer "to check if there were any collars . . . around their necks and if there were, to remove them." [82]

In September 2013, it was reported that the Ontario Veterinary College was investigating an unspecified number of veterinarians at Marineland.[83]

Also in 2013, OSPCA investigated the claims of some former employees of Marineland claimed that the animals' health was being put at risk by low water quality. OSPCA used the results of the investigation to make suggestions to the subsequent provincial review of its animal welfare laws.[84]

In April 2014, the Vancouver newspaper The Georgia Straight published an article alleging that five harbour seals transferred from the Vancouver Aquarium had fallen ill at Marineland due to "poor water chemistry". According to the article, one, "Pepper" died in 2006 from the conditions while the rest were blind. Marineland filed a CA$600,000 lawsuit in July 2014 against The Georgia Straight and the article's writer for defamation and damages. According to Marineland, Pepper did not die as described in the article and the others were not blind but were in fact generally healthy. It was the eighth lawsuit filed by Marineland since 2012, third against a media outlet.[85]

In 2015, the Government of Ontario took up debate of the keeping of orcas.[86] Bob Barker urged Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne to order Marineland to give up Kiska and other animals.[87] On May 28, 2015, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Amendment Act. The act prohibits the possession or breeding of orcas in Ontario but allowed Marineland to keep its orca.[9][10]

On May 10, 2016, Marineland filed a lawsuit against filmmaker Zach Affolter to prevent the release of his documentary, Black Water. The park alleges that the film contains footage illegally taken at Marineland and is a violation of their policy preventing the use of footage for commercial purposes. Affolter responded by asserting that "Black Water is meant as an educational, non-commercial film that dives into the moral question behind keeping cetaceans in captivity."[88] Marineland demanded CA$1 million in damages for breach of its intellectual property rights. Affolter denied the allegations and said he had found the video of Kiska on Facebook. Until the lawsuit was resolved, the film's release was on hold.[89]

Demers allegations

In May 2012, Philip Demers, trainer of the walrus "Smooshi," resigned from Marineland. He had been an employee of Marineland for 12 years and had been noted for his close relationship with Smooshi. Demers made public his concerns about Marineland and has been sued by Marineland.[73] In Demers' version of accounts, Smooshi was moved from Marineland's barn to the Aquarium, where Demers said she deteriorated because of problems with the water. Smooshi was returned to the barn but problems returned. He asked for more walrus trainers, but his request was denied. By 2012, he had had responsibilities for hiring and training employees taken away, and he chose to resign.[90] He continues to speak out about Marineland. According to Marineland, Demers was intending to star in a reality show as a "walrus whisperer" that was rejected by Marineland, had no management responsibilities and was not qualified to comment on marine mammal health. Marineland also alleges that Demers took drugs himself that were allocated for marine mammals. Marineland is taking legal action against Demers.[91]

On August 15, 2012, the Toronto Star published an article of Demers' account, alleging that many sea mammals at Marineland live in inhumane conditions and suffer from a variety of illnesses caused by problems with water quality and chronic understaffing. Holer denied the allegations in the report, which was largely based on interviews conducted with former Marineland employees.[92] The Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals declined to press charges, but did order changes in park procedures that were then implemented by Marineland.[93] The controversies led to Suzie McNeil, singer of the park's jingle "Everyone Loves Marineland"[94] to ask the park to no longer use her recording.[95]

Demers's campaign against the institution is profiled in the 2020 documentary film The Walrus and the Whistleblower.[96] It was released as part of the Hot Docs Documentary Film Festival. It documented the relationship former Marineland trainer Phil Demers had with the walrus Smooshi before he quit in 2012 and became a vocal critic of the park.[97]

Bill to ban captive cetaceans

In 2015, then-Senator Wilfred Moore of the Senate of Canada introduced Bill S-203, the Ending the Captivity of Whales and Dolphins Act. Marineland would be one of two facilities in Canada to be affected by the law after the bill is passed. Marineland, along with the Vancouver Aquarium, is opposed to the bill. Marineland believes that it advances an agenda of entrenching animal rights into the legal framework: "the granting of the rights of a person to whales — what activists call a 'non- human person' — and then to other species".[61] The bill would "fundamentally and critically damage Marineland" and "essentially destroy Marineland's future".[61] Marineland believes that it has enough belugas, but it would like to get some more porpoises in the future and a companion for its one orca.[61]

In September 2017, Green Party of Canada leader Elizabeth May filed a complaint to the Parliament of Canada's Lobbying Commissioner about Marineland's breaches of the Canadian Lobbying Act. Marineland had privately lobbied Members of Parliament and Senators without registering with the Lobbying Commissioner in efforts to stop Bill S-203. Marineland's lawyer Andrew Burns registered as a lobbyist in May 2018.[98]

Progressive Conservatives in the Senate, led by Sen. Don Plett, used procedural obstruction to keep the bill from moving to a vote. In June 2018, the senators added amendments intended to exclude Marineland and the Vancouver Aquarium from being covered by the bill.[99]

The bill was passed by the Senate in October 2018 and was sent to the House of Commons of Canada.[100] Andrew Burns, Marineland's lawyer appeared at a House Fisheries Committee meeting in March 2019, to propose an amendment regarding future beluga births at Marineland, claiming the new law is unconstitutional. Senator Murray Sinclair, the bill's second sponsor in the Senate and a former judge, told MPs no one is going to be prosecuted when currently pregnant belugas give birth. In the opinion of Sinclair and May, Burns was only intending to delay the bill, so that it could not be passed before the end of the current session of the Parliament of Canada.[101] The bill was passed by committee without amendments.[102] The bill passed third and final reading in the House of Commons on June 10, 2019.[103]

Ontario SPCA charges

In 2012, the Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals received complaints of animal abuse at the park from former employees and issued orders to Marineland as to the standard of care they should be following. At that time, a full investigation was not conducted. On November 10, 2016, however, the agency received a formal 35-page complaint - compiled by a California-based group Last Chance for Animals - which included photographs and videos taken by a former Marineland employee whose identity has not been revealed to the public. (The Canadian Press obtained a copy of the complaint file which was reviewed by some members of the news media; only excerpts have been published.) At that time, the OSPCA began an investigation of possible animal abuse at the park using its staff and a veterinarian.[104]

On November 25, 2016, the OSPCA charged Marineland with five counts of animal cruelty under the Ontario SPCA Act over their treatment of peafowls, guineafowls, and American black bears in the zoo portion of the park. The Ontario SPCA alleged that the animals were distressed and did not receive the required standard of care from Marineland. The company denied the allegations.[84][105]

Marineland also provided a statement to The Canadian Press: "(Last Chance for Animals) is working together with the fired former employee to exact revenge over his firing and advance their radical cause and goal to shut Marineland."[106] The company also posted a commentary on their Web site indicating that it is "being attacked by disgruntled former employees again, who are working with a professional activist group that raises just under 2 million dollars per year to share their distorted view of facts about others." The post indicated that the company would "vigorously defend ourselves against these charges laid by the OSPCA".[107]

A news article on August 10, 2017 stated that the park had started a lawsuit against former employee Philip Demers, one of those who had filed complaints with the OSPCA, for $1.5 million and that this is only one of nine lawsuits against activists, former employees and the media since 2012. None of the suits has been resolved in court.[73]

Six additional counts of animal cruelty were laid by the OSPCA on January 9, 2017.[108][109] The new charges related to the treatment of elk, red deer and fallow deer. Deputy chief Jennifer Bluhm of the OSPCA provided the following comment: "While the investigation is still ongoing, these are all the charges we expect to be laid in this case." On previous occasions, Marineland had stated that it would defend against charges in court. The company's first appearance to plead to the charges was set for January 26, 2017.[110]

On the same day, Marineland posted another response on its website, critical of the OSPCA handling of the investigation and the charges, including the following comment: "We believe the OSPCA is continuing a publicity campaign at the behest of a band of discredited activists with little relevant expertise or knowledge, in an effort to avoid further embarrassment related to an ongoing investigation into the OSPCA’s perceived failure to protect animals that is being led by the same activists they are now firmly in bed with. ... We will hold the OSPCA to the high standards of Ontario’s legal system and require them to defend their charges to the fullest extent possible."[111]

On August 10, 2017, all charges were withdrawn in Niagara Falls Provincial court. The prosecutor stated that there was no likelihood of conviction and pursuit of the matters was found to not be in the public interest[112] The OSPCA inspected the park a week later and did not find any issues of concern.[113]

In October 2017, Marineland filed a lawsuit against the OSPCA, alleging that the OSPCA launched its investigation purely to harm Marineland. "It was motivated by a series of improper objectives, including a desire to accomplish its own policy agenda, to mollify the animal activist community, to please its donors, and to effectively destroy Marineland." Marineland is seeking CA$21 million in damages.[74] The OSPCA responded publicly that it "vehemently denies all of the allegations and will defend itself."[74]

A subsequent pleading by the OSPCA's stated that any losses suffered by Marineland due to the charges "are entirely the result of its own misconduct and that (Marineland) is the author of its own misfortune."[114]

Beluga whale deaths
  • Dee, a beluga whale imported from Russia, died in August 2000 after a petting session.[115] At the time, news reports indicated that this was the third recent death; in December 1999 another female beluga died from liver failure and in March 2000, "Malik", a three-year-old orca, died.[115] This led two animal rights groups to urge the Government of Canada to issue a moratorium on the import of belugas.[116]
  • Sasha, a beluga whale born in 2008 at Marineland, died around October 10, 2011, several days before the off-season.
  • On May 28, 2012, a nine-month-old beluga, Skoot, born to Skyla, succumbed to its injuries after a two-hour attack by two adult males in a shared tank. Only an untrained guide was on hand to try to stop the attack and he said it took a long time for trainers to respond. By that time, the calf had already died. Marineland's John Holer told the news media that the calf died because of meningitis.[117]
  • In May 2013, an aquatic inventory website (Ceta-Base.org) reported that belugas Luna and Charlotte were both deceased and said these were the latest of 18 other beluga deaths over the years. The site's August 2017 report indicates additional beluga deaths, some without a date, with the most recent (named R1) having been on July 30, 2015.[6] Charlotte died from a metabolic disorder; the cause of death for Luna was not known.[118]
  • In August 2017, Gia (who had been born at the park) died suddenly. A preliminary report indicated that the cause may have been a twisted small intestine that resulted in a fatal blockage.[119] The Ceta-Base site indicates that Gia had been born in 2012.[6]

Orca deaths

A Toronto Star report in November 2012 stated that "Marineland has had 26 killer whales over roughly three decades, according to ... Zoocheck Canada. Of these, 16 died at Marineland. ... Six died in other parks after being transferred while one died en route from Marineland to Japan".[120] The following include orca deaths that were well documented.[6]

  • An unnamed whale died at the park in October 1992 from drowning.[121]
  • Junior, a wild Icelandic male orca, being kept in an indoor barn, died in June 1994.[122]
  • Kanuck, separated from mother, Kiska and stored in a warehouse. Died at age 4 in 1998.[123][124]
  • An unnamed whale born at Marineland died in June 1998.[125]
  • Malik, a three-year-old orca, died due to a deficient immune system in March 2000.[126][115]
  • Nova died in August 2001.[127]
  • Algonquin died in August 2002 due to a twisted intestine.[128]
  • April died in April 2004.[127][129]
  • Neocia died in August 2004 at Marineland.[127] The death of this 12 year old whale was reported as the fifth in five years at the Ontario park.[130]
  • Hudson died in October 2004 with the cause of death being meningitis.[131][132]
  • Kandu, a wild whale from Iceland that had been at the park since the 1980s, died on December 21, 2005.[127][133][133]
  • Katak/Splash was born at Marineland and was moved to SeaWorld in 1992 for health treatment. He died in April 2005.[127]
  • Nootka 5 died in January 2008 at Marineland. Nootka had been brought to Marineland in 1979 after being captured near Iceland.[134][135]
  • Athena died sometime in spring 2009. The cause of death was by infection.[136][135]
  • An unnamed whale died while being moved from Marineland to Japan.[127][120]

Advertising

Marineland's main advertising comes through a series of radio and television commercials with the jingle "Everyone Loves Marineland".[137] Marineland has also used other slogans over the years in its advertising:

  • "Come to Marineland" - (1980-1985)
  • "Where the Fun Never Stops" - (1986-1988)
  • "Happiness is Marineland" - (1987-1991)
  • "Everyone Loves Marineland" - (1992–present)

See also

References
  1. Casey, Liam (January 5, 2018). "OSPCA responds to lawsuit: Marineland 'the author of its own misfortune'". The Globe & Mail. Toronto, Ontario.
  2. "Marineland Canada - You can ride and ride and ride again". www.marinelandcanada.com.
  3. Ferrier Mackay, Susan (July 22, 2018). "Entrepreneur John Holer created Marineland". The Globe & Mail.
  4. Anderson, Dale (June 27, 2018). "John Holer, 83, built Marineland into major tourist attraction in Niagara Falls, Ont". The Buffalo News. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
  5. Hutton, Richard (May 4, 2017). "Park renovations behind break with CAZA: Marineland - NiagaraThisWeek.com".
  6. "Ceta Base: Captive Cetacean Database - Marineland Canada". Ceta-Base. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  7. "Friendship Cove". www.marinelandcanada.com. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  8. Spiteri, Ray. "Marineland looking for companion to Kiska". St. Catharines Standard.
  9. "Bill 80, Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Amendment Act, 2015". Ontario Legislature. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
  10. The Canadian Press. "Ont. passes killer whale ban, other animal protection measures". CTV News. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
  11. Csanady, Ashley (May 29, 2015). "'People don't love Marineland anymore': Ontario law leaves orca floating alone in Niagara Falls". National Post.
  12. Casey, Liam (May 20, 2015). "Bob Barker wants Marineland killer whale included in Ontario orca ban". Toronto Star. The Canadian Press.
  13. "Marineland Canada - Niagara Falls Aquarium - Amusement Park". Clifton Hill Resorts. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  14. "Marineland Canada". Destination 360. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  15. "Mack Wikingerfahrt". www.flatrides.com. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  16. "Dragon Mountain Roller Coaster". Ultimaterollercoaster.com. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  17. "Happiness Is...fun-filled rides". The Ottawa Citizen. June 20, 1992. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  18. "Lady Bug Coaster - Marineland Theme Park (Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada)". rcdb.com. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  19. DiBattista, Mike (August 27, 2010). "Going for a spin at Marineland". Niagara Falls Review. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  20. "Ocean Odyssey opens at Marineland". Park World Online - Theme Park, Amusement Park and Attractions Industry News. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  21. "Flying Fish – a roundabout with a lot of custom-made features - Achterbahnen, Karussels, Wellenflieger, Fun & Major Rides". www.zierer.com. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  22. "Familiy Freefall Tower – the thrill of free falling & much fun - Achterbahnen, Karussels, Wellenflieger, Fun & Major Rides". www.zierer.com. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  23. "Happiness is Marineland". Detroit Free Press. June 17, 1990. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  24. "Thrilling Rides". visiting-niagara-falls.com. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  25. "Zierer Panoramic Wheel". flatrides.com. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  26. "Ferris Wheel – a traditional attraction for every amusement park - Achterbahnen, Karussels, Wellenflieger, Fun & Major Rides". www.zierer.com. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  27. "Kontiki – a bestseller among ZIERER's amusement rides - Achterbahnen, Karussels, Wellenflieger, Fun & Major Rides". www.zierer.com. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  28. "12 Reasons Why Marineland is Equally Awesome and Disappointing". coaster101.com. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
  29. Casey, Liam (October 3, 2011). "The man behind Marineland: 50 years of controversy". Toronto Star. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
  30. "Attraction is being expanded". Reading Eagle. July 18, 1976. p. 52. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
  31. Canadian Press (August 28, 1970). "Niagara Exhibit plans call for big expansion". Windsor Star. p. 18. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
  32. "Trained Seal Flips Over Falls". Toronto Star. May 24, 1963. p. 1.
  33. "Flying Tackle Nabs Falls-Flipping Seal". Toronto Star. May 27, 1963. p. 5.
  34. Dempsey, Lotta (August 18, 1968). "51,200 pounds of choice fish that's no fun shopping spree". Toronto Star. p. 55.
  35. Dempsey, Lotta (August 17, 1968). "The new look at Niagara for children". Toronto Star. p. 36.
  36. Nicks, Joan; Grant, Barry Keith (2010). Covering Niagara: Studies in Local Popular Culture. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press.
  37. "Whale by mail is bride-to-be for killer". Toronto Star. October 30, 1973. p. A6.
  38. Marineland (June 30, 1975), "Make friends with our animals in our beautiful game farm", Toronto Star, pp. D18-19
  39. Wilson, Deborah (February 18, 2018). "B.C.'s pipeline battle has parallels in 1975 standoff over killer whale capture". CBC News. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  40. "$50 facelifting for aquatic show". Toronto Star. January 15, 1976. p. E11.
  41. "No hardhat for friendly Freda". Toronto Star. July 22, 1976. p. E6.
  42. "All A-B-O-O-O-A-R-D For Wild West in 1981". Toronto Star. July 12, 1978. p. B8.
  43. Dimanno, Rosie; Dampier, Bill (May 26, 1979). "A Place to Stand .. In Line". Toronto Star. p. I14.
  44. "Marineland builds thrillseeker's dream". Toronto Star. April 13, 1983. p. A3.
  45. Gray, James (October 14, 1984). "Niagara Falls tourist dollar booty in cross-border battle". Toronto Star. p. B3.
  46. Lemieux 2009, p. 271.
  47. Lusher, Adam (December 14, 2003). "Whale star of 'Free Willy' dies after return to wild". The Telegraph. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  48. Lemieux, Leah (2009). Rekindling the Waters: The Truth about Swimming with Dolphins. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 271.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  49. Evans, Andrew (2014). Iceland. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 67.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  50. Matteo, Enzo di (October 10–16, 1996). "Mayhem in Marineland". NOW Magazine.
  51. Wilson, Dan (February 28, 2010). "SeaWorld, Marineland And The Dangers Of Keeping Whales In Captivity". niagaraatlarge.com. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  52. Marineland (May 30, 2017). "Marineland Canada: Demonstrating A Commitment to Walrus Care Since 2001" (Press release). Canadian Newswire.
  53. "Marineland mourning death of walrus". Niagara Falls Review. May 28, 2017 – via Toronto Sun.
  54. Marineland of Canada (January 21, 2019). "Marineland Mourns The Passing Of Zeus The Walrus" (Press release).
  55. "Green Oaks Homeless". Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  56. "Marineland founder John Holer dead at 83". CBC News.
  57. Lowrie, Morgan (June 24, 2018). "Marineland founder John Holer dies at 83, lawyer says". CTV News.
  58. "Marineland owner John Holer dies at 83". St. Catharines Standard. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  59. "Marineland owner John Holer has died at 83". Toronto Star.
  60. "John Holer Obituary". ObitTree. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  61. "Proceedings of the Standing Senate Committee on Fisheries and Oceans: Issue No. 16 - Evidence - May 16, 2017". Senate of Canada. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  62. Taekema, Dan (May 21, 2019). "2 deer killed at Marineland after park claims men caused 'stampede'". CBC. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
  63. O'Brien, Cillian (May 22, 2019). "Marineland confirms walrus death, two deer killed in opening day stampede". ctvnews.ca. CTV News.
  64. Mitchell, Don (May 22, 2019). "Marineland confirms Apollo the walrus has died from a heart attack". globalnews.ca. Global News.
  65. Fink, James (June 28, 2019). "New Marineland attraction making a splash in Niagara Falls, Ont". Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  66. Spitteri, Ray (June 28, 2019). "Marineland partners with Sea Research Foundation". St Catharines Standard. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  67. Howse, Alyssha (September 6, 2019). "Marineland Canada Is Sending 2 Belugas To Spain, Despite Ban On Exporting Live Whales". NarCity.
  68. Law, John (May 4, 2017). "Marineland bows out of CAZA". Niagara Falls Review. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  69. Diebel, Linda; Casey, Liam (January 18, 2013). "OSPCA orders Marineland overhaul". Toronto Star. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  70. Hutton, Richard (May 21, 2016). "Hundreds turn out for opening day protest at Marineland". Niagara This Week. Niagara Falls, ON. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
  71. Casey, Liam (August 10, 2017). "Animal cruelty charges dropped against Marineland". Global News.
  72. "Marine Mammal Care". Marineland Canada. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  73. Law, John (August 10, 2017). "Animal cruelty charges dropped against Marineland". Niagara Falls Review.
  74. "Marineland sues OSPCA, saying agency was out to 'destroy' theme park". Toronto Star. October 26, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  75. "Demonstration at Marineland on opening day". St. Catharines Standard. May 21, 2018.
  76. "Mayor's resignation puts a stop to probes of land deal, free trip". Toronto Star. December 21, 1983. p. C10.
  77. "Marineland picketed by Flipper's 1st trainer". Toronto Star. July 6, 1997. p. A4.
  78. "Send killer whale back to Florida, court tells Marineland". Toronto Star. September 28, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  79. "Marineland: Allegations of poor treatment of deer, bears". Toronto Star. September 8, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  80. "Marineland: Environment ministry launches probe into mass animal graves | Toronto Star". Toronto Star. December 20, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  81. "Environmental Compliance Approval" (PDF). Marineland. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  82. "Marineland owner John Holer shot dead neighbours' dogs, according to witnesses". Toronto Star. March 5, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  83. Diebel, Linda (September 13, 2013). "Marineland: College investigating Marineland veterinarians". Toronto Star. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  84. McLaughlin, Amara (November 25, 2016). "Marineland charged with animal cruelty related to peacock, guinea hens and bears". CBC News. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  85. Law, John (November 19, 2014). "Marineland sues Vancouver paper, eighth lawsuit since 2012". Niagara Falls Review.
  86. Csanady, Ashley (May 29, 2015). "'People don't love Marineland anymore': Ontario law leaves orca floating alone in Niagara Falls". National Post. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  87. Casey, Liam. "Bob Barker wants killer whale included in ban". The Canadian Press.
  88. Law, John. "Marineland files lawsuit against teen filmmaker". Niagara Falls Review. Postmedia Network. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  89. "Marineland sues college student for $1M over unreleased orca film".
  90. Diebel, Linda (August 15, 2012). "Marineland: Heartache for Smooshi the walrus as top trainer quits". Toronto Star. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  91. Marineland (August 12, 2015). "Marineland - Who is Phillip Demers?" (Press release). Canadian Newswire.
  92. "Marineland animals suffering, former staffers say". Toronto Star. August 15, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  93. Alam, Hina (November 25, 2016). "Marineland charged with animal cruelty". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  94. Law, John (March 30, 2010). "Marineland jingle McNeil's biggest hit". Niagara Falls Review. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  95. Slaughter, Graham (August 16, 2012). "'Everyone loves Marineland!' singer wants voice pulled from commercials". Toronto Star. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  96. "'Walrus and the Whistleblower' profiles 'walrus whisperer's' battle with Marineland". CBC Hamilton, June 3, 2020.
  97. Law, John (June 3, 2020). "Marineland walrus Smooshi is a new mom". St Catharines Standard. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  98. Lake, Holly. "Marineland adds its name to federal lobby registry". iPolitics.ca. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  99. Lake, Holly (October 4, 2018). "Bill to ban whale and dolphin captivity is being stalled in the Senate — again". Toronto Star.
  100. Tasker, John Paul (October 10, 2018). "Senate passes bill that would ban whale, dolphin captivity in Canada". CBC News. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  101. Lake, Holly (March 19, 2019). "Marineland says 'Free Willy' bill is unconstitutional". Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  102. "Ban on whale, dolphin captivity poised to become law in Canada". CBC News. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  103. "Bill banning whale and dolphin captivity to become law". ipolitics.ca. June 10, 2019.
  104. Liam Casey, The Canadian Press (December 4, 2016). "Marineland charged for five counts of animal cruelty in ongoing investigation". Toronto Star. Toronto. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
  105. Alam, Hina. "Marineland charged with animal cruelty". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
  106. Liam Casey, The Canadian Press (December 4, 2016). "Complaint alleges animal cruelty at Marineland; park denies all accusations". CTV News. The former employee, who requested anonymity for fear of being sued, said he quit on good terms and is not an animal activist and doesn't want the park to close.
  107. "What's Really Going On At Marineland Canada" (Press release). Marineland Canada. December 1, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
  108. "The Ontario SPCA charges Marineland with six counts of animal cruelty". Marketwired. OSPCA. Retrieved January 9, 2017. an additional 6 counts of animal cruelty under the Ontario SPCA Act; totaling 11 counts of animal cruelty.
  109. Hudes, Sammy (January 9, 2017). "Marineland charged with 6 new counts of animal cruelty". Toronto Star. Toronto. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
  110. Liam Casey, The Canadian Press (January 9, 2017). "Marineland charged with 6 new counts of animal cruelty, says OSPCA". Sudbury.com. Retrieved January 9, 2017. A conviction on all counts could result in a fine up to $60,000, a lifetime ban on owning animals and up to two years in jail, according to the OSPCA.
  111. Marineland (January 9, 2017). "OSPCA Lays Strangest Charges Yet Against Marineland Canada" (Press release). Retrieved January 9, 2017.
  112. Casey, Liam (August 10, 2017). "All animal cruelty charges dropped against Marineland". Globe and Mail. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  113. "Surprise inspection of Marineland by the OSPCA". CHCH-TV. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  114. "Marineland 'the author of its own misfortune': OSPCA". Brampton Guardian. January 5, 2018.
  115. "Beluga dies at Marineland Canada". whales.org. August 31, 2000.
  116. "Abstract: Third whale dies at Marineland; Animal rights groups call for moratorium on imports". The Record. August 19, 2000. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  117. Diebel, Linda (August 16, 2012). "Marineland baby beluga's death raises as many questions as answers". Toronto Star.
  118. Law, John (May 31, 2013). "Beluga whales deaths at Marineland spark outrage". Toronto Sun. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  119. The Canadian Press (August 14, 2017). "Beloved beluga whale Gia has died, says Marineland". Toronto Star. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  120. Diebel, Linda; Casey, Liam (November 14, 2012). "Marineland owner John Holer trying to acquire another killer whale". Toronto Start. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  121. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  122. Diebel, Linda (August 25, 2012). "Marineland: Readers, activists demand change regarding care of sea mammals". Toronto Star. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  123. "~Orca Spirit~". ~Orca Spirit~. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  124. "About Kanuck". Cetacean Cousins. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010.
  125. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  126. "More Whales Die at Marineland". CFHS. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  127. "Marineland Cetacean Inventory" (PDF). zoocheck.com. Zoocheck Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  128. "About Algonquin". Cetacean Cousins. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010.
  129. "About April". Cetacean Cousins. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010.
  130. "Canada - orca dies at Marineland". uk.whales.org.
  131. "About Hudson". Cetacean Cousins. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010.
  132. "Orca News 2004". www.orcahome.de.
  133. "Kandu dies - NiagaraThisWeek.com". January 11, 2006.
  134. Draper, Doug (February 1, 2008). "Marineland's Nootka should have lived free". Niagara This Week. Thorold, Ontario.
  135. Casey, Liam (October 21, 2011). "Marineland Sues SeaWorld Orlando over killer whale custody". Toronto Star.
  136. "About Hudson". Cetacean Cousins. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010.
  137. Law, John (March 30, 2010). "Marineland jingle McNeil's biggest hit". Niagara Falls Review. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.