Major non-NATO ally

Prayut Chan-o-cha, commander-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army, in Arlington, Virginia, June 6, 2013

MNNA status was first created in 1989 when section 2350a, otherwise known as the Sam Nunn Amendment, was added to Title 10 (Armed Forces) of the United States Code by Congress.[1] It stipulated that cooperative research and development agreements could be enacted with non-NATO allies by the Secretary of Defense with the concurrence of the Secretary of State. The initial MNNAs were Australia, Egypt, Israel, Japan, and South Korea. In 1996, major non-NATO allies received additional military and financial benefits when section 2321k was added to Title 22 (Foreign Relations) of the U.S. Code (also known as section 517 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961), which added MNNAs to many of the same exemptions from the Arms Export Control Act that were enjoyed by NATO members. It also authorized the President to designate a nation as an MNNA thirty days after notifying Congress.[2] When enacted, the statute designated the initial five countries as major non-NATO allies, and added Jordan and New Zealand to the list.

U.S.-New Zealand strategic and military cooperation suffered a setback after the breakdown of the ANZUS alliance in 1984 over nuclear ship entry. The designation of New Zealand as an MNNA reflected the warming of relations between the two. In June 2012 New Zealand signed a partnership arrangement with NATO further strengthening and consolidating relations.

When Congress enacted on September 30, 2002 the Foreign Relations Authorization Act for FY 2003, it required that Taiwan be "treated as though it were designated a major non-NATO ally."[3] Despite some initial misgivings about Congress's perceived intrusion into the President's foreign affairs authority, the Bush administration subsequently submitted a letter to Congress on August 29, 2003, designating Taiwan as a major non-NATO ally.[3]

NSA Bahrain base is home to U.S. Naval Forces Central Command and U.S. Fifth Fleet

Defense Secretary Jim Mattis meets with Egypt's President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi during a meeting held at the Pentagon, April 5, 2017

In 2014, following the 2014 Crimean Crisis, a bill was introduced to the United States Congress to grant major non-NATO ally status to Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine.[4] In May 2015, US President Barack Obama declared his intention to make Tunisia a non-NATO ally while hosting his Tunisian counterpart Beji Caid Essebsi at the White House. During a 2015 Camp David summit with the Gulf Cooperation Council states, the Obama administration considered designating Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Qatar as MNNAs.[5]

The designation of certain countries as major non-NATO allies has not been without controversy. US Representatives Ted Poe (R-TX) and Rick Nolan (D-MN) introduced H.R. 3000, a bill to revoke Pakistan's position as an MNNA, citing inadequate counterterrorism efforts, the harboring of Osama bin Laden and Pakistani support for the Taliban.[6]

In 2017, General Joseph Dunford, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, accused Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) of having ties to terror groups.[7] Reuters reported that "possible Trump administration responses being discussed include expanding U.S. drone strikes and perhaps eventually downgrading Pakistan’s status as a major non-NATO ally."[8]

In 2019, Donald Trump designated Brazil as a major non-NATO ally[9] after receiving a working visit from Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro.[10] A bill to make Ukraine a major non-NATO ally was introduced into the US House of Representatives in May 2019.[11] In June 2019 US lawmakers provided for enhancements to India's status, though this fell short of making them a MNNA.[12][13]

Nations named as major non-NATO allies are eligible for the following benefits:[14]

• entry into cooperative research and development projects with the Department of Defense (DoD) on a shared-cost basis
• participation in certain counter-terrorism initiatives
• purchase of depleted uranium anti-tank rounds
• priority delivery of military surplus (ranging from rations to ships)
• possession of War Reserve Stocks of DoD-owned equipment that are kept outside of American military bases
• loans of equipment and materials for cooperative research and development projects and evaluations
• permission to use American financing for the purchase or lease of certain defense equipment
• reciprocal training
• expedited export processing of space technology
• permission for the country's corporations to bid on certain DoD contracts for the repair and maintenance of military equipment outside the United States

In December 2014 the US House passed the United States–Israel Strategic Partnership Act of 2013.[15] This new category would have placed Israel one notch above the Major Non-NATO Ally classification and would have added additional support for defense, energy, and strengthen cooperation business and academics.[16] The bill additionally called for the US to increase their war reserve stock in Israel to US$1.8 billion.[17] The bill did not reach a vote, and as such did not pass or become law.

The following countries have been designated as major non-NATO allies of the United States (in order of their appointment):[18][19][20]

Named by George H. W. Bush

South Korean soldiers and a U.S. Army officer monitor the Korean Demilitarized Zone in 2008.

Australian Defence Force, New Zealand Defence Force and US Army personnel conduct medevac training exercises at Camp Taji, Iraq, in 2018.

•  Australia (1989)[21]
•  Egypt (1989)[21]
•  Israel (1989)[21]
•  Japan (1989)[21]
•  South Korea (1989)[21]