List of pusher aircraft by configuration and date

A pusher aircraft is a type of aircraft using propellers placed behind the engines and may be classified according to lifting surfaces layout (conventional or 3 surface, canard, joined wing, tailless and rotorcraft) as well as engine/propeller location and drive. For historical interest, pusher aircraft are also classified by date.
Some aircraft have a Push-pull configuration with both tractor and pusher engines. The list includes these even if the pusher engine is just added to a conventional layout (engines inside the wings or above the wing for example).

Conventional and three surface layouts

The conventional layout of an aircraft has wings ahead of the empennage.

Direct drive

Propeller ahead of tail
Between frames (Farman layout)
Top to bottom: 1870 helicopter;
1871 'Planophore;
1873 ornithopter
Wright Flyer 1903 pusher
Wright, Curtiss and Farman pushers
Voisin-Farman 1908
Curtiss n°2 (1909
Bristol Boxkite (1910)
Wright Model B (1910)
Curtiss Model E (1911)
Curtiss Model F (1912)
Voisin III (1914)
Airco DH.2 (1915)
Vickers FB.5 (1915)
Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2] (1915)
Grigorovitch M-9 (1916)
FBA Type H (1916)
Voisin VIII (1916)
Macchi M.5 (1917)
Supermarine Walrus flying boat (1933)
Bereiev MBR-2 (1935)
Dornier Do 18 (1935)
De Schelde S.21 drawings (1939)
SAAB J 21 fighter (1943).
Experimental fighter Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender (1943)
Kyushu J7W Shinden (1945)
Republic RC-3 Seabee with gear retracted (1945)
Fokker F.25 (1946)
Experimental flying wing bomber Northrop XB-35 (1946)
Convair B-36 Peacemaker (1946)
Alaparma Baldo (1949)
Lake Buccaneer (1950)
SIAI Marchetti FN 333 Riviera (1952)
Piaggio P.166 (1957)
Raab Krähe (1958)
Cessna 337 Skymaster (1962)
Lesher teal (1965)
Bede BD-5 (1971)
Lockspeiser LDA-1 (1971)
Rutan VariEze 1975
Cascade Kasperwing I-80 1976
Rutan Long-EZ pusher configuration homebuilt aircraft.
PZL M-17 (1977)
RFB X-114 (1977)
Edgley Optica (1979)
Quad City Challenger – a mid-engined pusher ultralight aircraft
Grinvalds Orion (1981)
LearAvia Lear Fan (1981)
Sadler Vampire (1982)
Beechcraft Starship (1983)
Spectrum SA-550 (1983)
Dornier Seastar (1984)
RTAF-5 (1984)
Prescott Pusher (1985)
Piaggio P.180 Avanti (1986)
Airkraft Sunny joined wing 1989
Miller-Bohannan JM-2 Special 1989
Seabird seeker (1989)
Rans S12 1990
Embraer-FMA CBA-123 Vector
UAV SAGEM Sperwer B (1990s)
Aeroprakt A-20 Vista (1991
NPO Molniya (1993)
Creative Flight Aerocat (2001)
UCAV General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper (2001)
NAL Saras (2004)
LH Aviation LH-10 Ellipse (2008)
Aeroprakt A-36 (2011)
AHRLAC (2014)
Between frames or booms (1915 and later)
Between booms

1945 and later

1980 and later

Between booms / UAV's
Between outboard tail booms
  • Blohm & Voss P208 1944 fighter project [14]
  • Skoda-Kauba SK SL6 1944 research one seat project
Coaxially in rear fuselage
Nacelle above fuselage

Post War I

1930 and later

Post War II

Below tail boom
Between up and down tail booms
  • Raab Krähe 1958 motorglider 1 seat, 30 built
  • Brditschka HB-3, HB-21, HB-23 1971- 1982 motorgliders 2 seater[note 1]
  • HB-204 TornadoHB Flugtechnik 2013 prototype 2 seater[note 2]
Above tailboom

Propeller behind the tail
  • Pénaud Planophore 1871 first aerodynamically stable fixed-wing aeroplane, rubber powered model, 1 built
  • Convair 111 Air Car 1945 roadable airplane, 1 built
  • Prescott Pusher 1985 4 seat homebuilt, ca.30 built
  • Air Quest Nova 21 1992 2 seat homebuilt, unk no. built[27]
  • Eviation Alice 2019 transport electric plane prototype in development 10/11 seats [28][29]

Lateral behind wing

1930 and later

Lateral nacelles

Remote drive

Propeller ahead of tail
Within airframe
  • Megone biplane 1913 2 seat, 1 built[32]
  • Fischer Fibo-2a 1954 1 seat motorglider, 1 built[33]
  • Rhein Flugzeugbau RW 3 Multoplan 1955 RFB Fantrainer prototype, 27 built[34]
  • Kuffner WK-1 1970 motorglider 1 seat, 1 built[35]
  • Rhein-Flugzeugbau Sirius II 1972 2 seat motorglider, unk no. built[15]
  • Neukom AN-20C 1983 1 seat ultralight homebuilt motorglider, 1 built
  • PJ-II Dreamer 2016 jet fighter style 2 seater, 1 built [36]
Behind wing

Inside tail

Behind tail

1960 and later

Propeller above fuselage or wing
  • Schleicher ASH 26 1995 1 seat glider with retractable propeller, 234 built
  • Airfish-3 WIG 1990 Wing In Ground Effect demonstrator one seat, 1 built
  • Airfish-8 WIG 2007 Wing In Ground Effect transport prototype 8/10 seats, 2 built

Canard and tandem layouts

A canard is an aircraft with a smaller wing ahead of the main wing. A tandem layout has both front and rear wings of similar dimensions.

Direct drive

1945 and later In this section Rutan pushers are more than 1000 built.

Remote engine mounting
  • Langley Aerodrome Number 5 1896 experimental model[48]
  • Wright Flyer 1903 experimental airplane, first recognized powered, sustained flight, 1 built
  • Wright Model A 1906 biplane, ca.60 built
  • Deperdussin-de Feure model 2, 1910, experimental, 1 built [58]
  • De Bruyere C1 1917 fighter prototype 1 seater, 1 ex. [59]
  • Kyūshū J7W, prototype fighter, 1 seat, 2130 hp, 1945, 2 built
  • AeroVironment Gossamer Condor 1977 human powered aircraft won Kremer prize, 1 built
  • AeroVironment Gossamer Albatross 1979 human powered aircraft, 2 built
  • Dickey E-Racer 1986 homebuilt, unk no. built[60][61]
  • British Aerospace P.1233-1 Saba 1988 anti-helicopter and close air support attack aircraft, project[62]

Joined wings

A tandem (or three-surface) configuration whose wingtips are joined is a Closed wing.

  • Ben Brown SC ca.1932, experimental joined wing, 1 built[63]
  • Ligeti Stratos 1985 1 seat homebuilt, 2 built[64]
  • Airkraft Sunny 1989 2 seater, 250 built

Tailless aircraft, Flying wings

Tailless aircraft

Tailless aircraft lack a horizontal stabilizer.

Tailless, fabric wing, no fuselage

Flying wings

Flying wings lack a distinct fuselage, with crew, engines, and payload contained within the wing structure.

Push-pull aircraft

Sides of fuselage

Above fuselage

Extremities

On nose and between booms

On wings and between booms

Rotorcraft

See also

Bibliography
  • Extension-Shaft Pusher Type Aircraft, Sport aviation[81]

References

Notes
  1. the propeller revolves on the upper boom
  2. the propeller revolves on the upper boom
  3. see Ambrosini SS.4#Development
  4. Extension shaft on aft engine. The tractor engine only used during take-off, climb and some part of the course. It was actually used to cope with aft engine trouble

Citations
  1. French Voisin III bomber
  2. Ord-Hume, Arthur (August 1975). "(article)". Aeroplane Monthly. pp. 415–419.
  3. "English: Alliet-Larivière Allar 4 3-view drawing from l'Aerophile February 1938". February 1938.
  4. Les étranges créations d'Otto Skauba, Le Fanatique de l'Aviation, pages 14 à 22, juillet 1992
  5. Baby twin-boomer, Sport Aviation may 1988
  6. Aircraft N455CB, ACAPELLA
  7. Air-Britain:Aero Dynamics Sparrow Hawk Mk.II
  8. Photos & History: HFL Flugzeugbau Stratos 300
  9. "'Dingo' amphibian by NPP "AeroRIK"".
  10. Le Toucan de Jose Pocino, Experimental n°53, septembre 2000
  11. AOPA https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2016/january/21/innovator-makes-maiden-flight
  12. Kitplanes https://www.kitplanes.com/commuter-craft-innovator-aircraft-goes-alpha-in-2016/
  13. Yvan Shaw 180 Seeker
  14. Analysis of a semi-tailless aircraft design, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a402729.pdf
  15. RFB Rhein Flugzeugbau
  16. Propeller spins with motor around tail boom
  17. http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/4043.htm Boeing Canada A-213 Totem
  18. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwGG6AyHei0
  19. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwGG6AyHei0
  20. Janowski Aircraft
  21. Gallager, Sheldon M.; Levy, Howard (January 1980). "7 exciting new sports planes you can build". Popular Mechanics. p. 124. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  22. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2011-10-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. "Fk History". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  24. Technoflug Piccolo GOQ
  25. http://aeroprakt.kiev.ua/airplanes/about/id/1
  26. http://www.all-aero.com/index.php/contactus/44-planes-a-b-c/1181-aviasud-industries-ae-209-albatross
  27. Air Quest Nova 21
  28. https://www.israelhayom.com/2019/06/23/israel-presents-first-electric-powered-passenger-plane/
  29. https://www.mvtimes.com/2019/06/21/cape-air-lead-charge-electric-air-travel/
  30. Google search
  31. CBA 123 Vector photos on Airliners.net
  32. Megone biplane
  33. J2mcL Planeurs - Fiche planeur n° 3047
  34. Rhein Flugzeugbau RW 3 - Sportflugzeug
  35. the prop revolves on the tail boom ttps://www.j2mcl-planeurs.net/dbj2mcl/planeurs-machines/planeur-fiche_0int.php?code=4064
  36. https://www.flightlineweekly.com/single-post/2018/07/10/PJ-II-Dreamer--Ducted-fan-Jet-Replica
  37. Airliners.net
  38. "L'Aérophile". January 1907.
  39. Paulhan, Tatin Aero-Torpille
  40. "Les avions de chasse russes et soviétiques 1915-1950", Herbert Léonard, Editions Heimdal 1995, page 31
  41. "The Brothers Kasianenko"
  42. "The history of Russian aviation. Kasyanenko No.5 (KPI-5) | Encyclopedia of safety".
  43. Flight 1941,
  44. http://www.aerofiles.com/lock-dipper.jpg
  45. "Magical Journal » Blog Archive » Allenbaugh : #66 : Grey Ghost".
  46. "Parks Alumni Racebuilders PAR Special".
  47. "Pützer Bussard".
  48. FLYING MACHINES - Langley Aerodrome No. 5
  49. Aerocar mini-IMP
  50. Flashback to 1981: A Look Back at the Lear Fan | Flying Magazine
  51. Miller-Bohannon JM-2 Pushy Galore
  52. "AST MYASISHCHEV YAMAL amphibian mockup". 2015-11-12.
  53. "Aviaspetstrans Yamal amphibian".
  54. VmaxProbe
  55. Info Pilote n° 701 aout 2014
  56. Les étranges créations d'Otto Skauba, Le Fanatique de l'Aviation, pages 14 à 22, juillet 1992
  57. https://www.rmtaviation.com/
  58. "Deperdussin-de Feure Model 2". 2015-12-18.
  59. https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=1972
  60. Alternative Engines, Volume1, Mick Myal
  61. E-Racer in Stargazer database Archived 2011-08-10 at the Wayback Machine
  62. Interavia jan 1988
  63. Julian Wolkovitch AC A Industries, Inc., "The Joined Wing: An Overview" (PDF), Journal of Aircraft: 176–177
  64. Ligeti Stratos History (archived)
  65. "New Triangle Plane Is Tailless", December 1931, Popular Science article and photo of Delta I at bottom of page 65
  66. Bridgman, Leonard (1952). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1948. London: Sampson, Low, Marston and Co. Ltd. p. 159c-160c.
  67. Rohr 2-175
  68. "Image from nuricom.de". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  69. Scott Winton
  70. http://www.wingco.com/custom_planes_article.htm
  71. https://www.horten-aircraft.com/en/
  72. Horten Nurflugels
  73. "Popular Mechanics". Hearst Magazines. January 1987.
  74. http://www.twitt.org/DavisWing.html
  75. http://www.nurflugel.com/Nurflugel/Horten_Nurflugels/PUL-10/pul-10.html
  76. Giorgio Bignozzi e Roberto Gentilli, AEROPLANI S.I.A.I. 1915-1935" - Edizioni Aeronautiche Italiane S.r.l.
  77. url=http://www.histaviation.com/Dornier_Do_S.html accessdate=Feb 2016
  78. url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_sik.html accessdate=Feb 2016
  79. Star Kraft SK-700
  80. "Moskalev SAM-13 : Other".
  81. "Extension-Shaft Pusher Type Aircraft".

Bibliography
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