List of military figures by nickname

This is a list of military figures by nickname.

0-9
  • "31-Knot Burke" — Arleigh Burke, U.S. Navy destroyer commander (for being unable to meet his habitual maximum speed)[1]

A

B

C
  • "Caddy" — James A. Adkins, World War II U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Camel" - Hugh Trenchard, British officer responsible for founding the Royal Air Force
  • "Candy Bomber" — Gail S. Halvorsen, U.S. Air Force officer
  • "Cat's Eyes" - John Cunningham, Second World War British night fighter ace (a nickname he didn't like)
  • "Chancre Jack" - Chiang Kai-Shek, political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China
  • "Chang Sheng Jiangjun 常胜将军" (Chinese, literally "frequently-winning general") — Zhao Yun, general who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period, for his battle record
  • "Chang Shi Wan 常十万" (Chinese, literally "Chang Hundred-Thousand") — Chang Yuchun, general of the early Ming dynasty, for his bravery and prowess
  • "Chappie" — Daniel James, Jr., U.S. Air Force general
  • "Chargin' Charlie" — Charles A. Beckwith, U.S. Army colonel[22]
  • "Chesty" — Lewis B. Puller, U.S. Marine general
  • "Chick" — Bernard A. Clarey, World War II U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Chief"
    • Leon N. Blair, World War II U.S. submarine commander[2]
    • A. R. Corston, World War II RCAF pilot (due to being Cree)[23]
  • "Ching" — Willis A. Lee, World War II U.S. admiral
  • "Chink" - Eric Dorman-Smith, World War II British general
  • "Chips" — Arthur S. Carpender, World War II U.S. submarine force commander[2]
  • "Chummy" - James D. Prentice, World War II Canadian destroyer captain
  • "Clever Hans" - Hans von Kluge, World War II German general[24]
  • "Close-in Conolly" -- Richard Lansing Conolly, World War II U.S. Naval Admiral
  • "Cobber" — Edgar J. Kain, World War II RAF fighter ace
  • "Le Connétable" (French for The Constable) — Charles De Gaulle, French World War II general and later President of France
  • "Crack" — Walter Hanna, U.S. Army general[25]
  • "Crow" — Palmer H. Dunbar, Jr., U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Cump" — William Tecumseh Sherman, U.S. general
  • "Curry" — August Thiele, German Kriegsmarine admiral[26]
  • "Cy" — Marshall H. Austin, World War II U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Cyclone" — Emmett S. Davis, World War II U.S. colonel[27]
  • "Cyrano" — Charles De Gaulle, French World War II general and later President of France

D

E

F

G
  • "Gabby" — Francis Gabreski, U.S. Army Air Force fighter ace
  • "Gee" — Leonard Gerow, U.S. general
  • "Gefreiter" - Adolf Hitler, German leader and chancellor of the German Third Reich, referring to his rank in First World War
  • "Gentleman Johnny" — John Burgoyne, British general (Revolutionary War)
  • "The G.I. General" — Omar Bradley, U.S. general
  • "Gin" —
    • Charles W. Styer, U.S. ace submarine commander[2]
    • William Stovall, Jr., U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Ginger" —
    • W. H. D. Boyle, British admiral
    • James Lacey, British fighter ace
  • "Gnu" — Andrew D. Mayer, U.S. Navy officer[37]
  • "Granny" —
  • "Gravedigger" — Henry Havelock, British general in The Indian Mutiny
  • "Gray Ghost" — John S. Mosby, Confederate Army cavalry commander, American Civil War
  • "Grey Fox" — George Crook, U.S. Army general, American Civil War
  • "Grumble" — William E. Jones, Confederate general, American Civil War
  • "Gu Bai Shun 顾百顺" (Chinese, literally "Gu the hundred-obedient") — Gu Zhutong, military general and administrator of the Republic of China, for his willingness to do Chiang Kai-Shek's bidding without question
  • "Gu Zhi Elai 古之恶来" (Chinese, "Like the ancient Elai"; Elai was a bodyguard for King Zhou of Shang) — Dian Wei, general and bodyguard of the Eastern Han Dynasty serving under the warlord Cao Cao, for his physical strength
  • "Gu Zhi Zhaohu 古之昭虎" (Chinese, "Like the ancient Zhaohu"; Zhaohu itself is a nickname for Duke Zhaomu of Zhou, who defeated 40,000 Dongyi of the Jianghuai with his 7,000 strong army) — Zhang Liao, general of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Cao Wei serving under the warlord Cao Cao, for his victory at the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford
  • "Gulle" - Walter Oesau, World War II German fighter ace
  • "Gus" - Harold L. Edwards, First World War Canadian air gunner[39]
  • "Guts and Gaiters" – Arthur Currie, First World War Canadian general

H

I
  • "Ike" —
  • "Irish" — Edward R. Hannon, U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Ishkhan"— Nikoghayos Poghos Mikaelian, Armenian freedom fighter

J
  • "Jack" — Leif J. Sverdrup, U.S. general
  • "Jackie" — J. A. Fisher, British admiral
  • "Jadex" - Jacques Dextraze, Canadian general
  • "Jake" — John K. Fyfe, U.S. ace submarine commander[2]
  • "Jasper" — Wilfred J. Holmes, U.S. Navy intelligence officer[2][40]
  • "Jiangdong Meng Hu 江东猛虎" (Chinese, "Fierce Tiger of Jiangdong") — Sun Jian, general and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty, for his ferocity in battle
  • "Jimmy" — John S. Thach, U.S. Navy fighter ace
  • "Jin Fan Zei 锦帆贼" (Chinese, "Bandit with the Brocade Sails") — Gan Ning, general serving under the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty, for his past as a pirate and his easy-going personality
  • "Jin Ma Chao 锦马超" (Chinese, literally "Brocade Ma Chao") — Ma Chao, general and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period, for his good looks and athleticism
  • "Jock" —
  • "Joe" —
  • "Johnnie" — James E. Johnson, British Royal Air Force fighter ace[18]
  • "Johnny" —
    • W. E. P. Johnson, British Royal Air Force flight instructor
    • Frederick J. Walker, World War II British ASW destroyer task force commander[47]
  • "Jorrocks" — Brian Horrocks, World War II British corps commander
  • "Judge" — Ernest M. Eller, U.S. Navy admiral[48]
  • "Jumbo" — H. M. Wilson, World War II British Army general.[49]
  • "Jumpin' Jim" – James M. Gavin, U.S. paratroop general
  • "The Jumping General" – James M. Gavin, U.S. paratroop general
  • "Junior" — John S. McCain, Jr., World War II U.S. submarine commander[2] (a nickname he disliked)

K
  • "Kalfie" — Henry J. Martin, South African Air Force officer
  • "Killer"
  • "Kindly Old Gentleman" or "KOG" — Hyman Rickover, father of the United States nuclear navy[51]
  • "Kipper" — Kodandera Madappa Cariappa, Indian Army field marshal
  • "King Billy" - King William III of England
  • "King Kong" — Hara Chuichi, Japanese Navy admiral[52]
  • "King of Scouts" — Frederick Russell Burnham, British major, Chief of Scouts & father of international Scouting movement.[53]
  • "Kluger Hans" ("Clever Hans") — Günther von Kluge, German World War II field marshal

L

M
  • "Mad Anthony" — Anthony Wayne, U.S. general
  • "Mad Dog" — James Mattis, US Marine Corps general and Secretary of Defense
  • "Mad Jack" - Jack Churchill, British Colonel in World War II
  • "Mad Mike" —
    • Mike Calvert, British Second World War leader of Special Forces formations[58]
    • Mike Hoare, British officer and mercenary leader[59]
  • "Majoren" (Norwegian, "The Major") - Hans Reidar Holtermann, Norwegian World War II military leader
  • "Mang Xiahou 盲夏侯" (Chinese, "Blind Xiahou") - Xiahou Dun, general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty, for the loss of his left eye
  • "Mang Zhang Fei 莽张飞" (Chinese, "Rash Zhang Fei") - Zhang Fei, general who served under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period, for his famously hot temper
  • "Manila John" - John Basilone, United States Marine, World War II Medal of Honor recipient
  • "The Marble Man" — Robert E. Lee, Confederate general (for his perfection at West Point)[38]
  • "The Marble Model" — Robert E. Lee, Confederate general (for his perfection at West Point)[38]
  • "Marshal Forwards" — Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prussian general
  • "Mary" — Arthur Coningham, New Zealand/Australian First World War flying ace and Second World War senior RAF officer
  • "Maryland Stuart" — George H. Stewart, Confederate general
  • "Meagher of the Sword" - Thomas Francis Meagher, Commander of the Union Irish Brigade during the American Civil War
  • "Mei Ran Gong 美髯公" (Chinese, "Lord of the Magnificent Beard")- Guan Yu, general serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty, nickname given by Emperor Xian of Han
  • "Mick" — Edward Mannock, First World War British fighter ace
  • "Mickey" — David Marcus, American Army colonel, helped train the nascent Israeli Army, became its first general (Aluf)[60]
  • "Mike" — Frank W. Fenno, Jr., U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Micky" — Harold Brownlow Martin, Second World War Australian bomber pilot attached to the RAF
  • "Ming the Merciless" — Leslie Morshead, Second World War Australian general, also in First World War
  • "Mokka" — Mordechai Limon, Israeli admiral[61]
  • "Moke" — William J. Millican, U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Monk" — Benjamin Dickson, U.S. intelligence officer[62]
  • "The Monster" — Jacob H. Smith, U.S. general
  • "Monty" — Bernard Montgomery, Second World War British field marshal
  • "Moon" — Wreford G. Chapple, World War II U.S. ace submarine commander[2]
  • "Mush" (from "Mushmouth") — Dudley W. Morton, World War II U.S. ace submarine commander (for his Tennessee drawl)[2]
  • "Mustapha" — Husband E. Kimmel, CINCPAC at Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941[63]
  • "Murph" — Michael P. Murphy, Navy SEAL

N
  • "Ned" — Edward L. Beach, Jr., World War II U.S. submarine commander and writer[2][33]
  • "Nick" — George D. Wallace, U.S. cavalry officer

O

P

Q

R
  • "Raful" — Rafael Eitan, Israeli Chief of Staff and politician
  • "Rebel" — Vernon L. Lowrance, U.S. ace submarine commander[2]
  • "Red" —
    • James W. Coe, World War II U.S. ace submarine commander[2]
    • Walter E. Doyle, U.S. submarine commander[2]
    • Ralph C. Lynch, Jr., U.S. submarine commander[2]
    • William F. Raborn, U.S. admiral and Director of the CIA[2][72]
    • Lawson P. Ramage, U.S. ace submarine commander[2]
    • Douglas N. Syverson, U.S. submarine officer[2]
  • "The Red Baron" (German: der Rote Baron) — Manfred von Richthofen, German fighter ace
  • "The Red Battle-flyer" (German: der rote Kampfflieger) — Manfred von Richthofen, German fighter ace
  • "The Red Knight" — Manfred von Richthofen, German fighter ace
  • "Red Mike" — Merritt A. Edson, World War II U.S. Marine Raiders officer
  • "Reeste" — Heinz Bär, German fighter ace
  • "Reggie" — Harry George Smart, British air vice marshal
  • "Ren Tu 人屠" (Chinese, literally "Human Butcher") — Bai Qi, general of the Qin state in the Warring States period of China, for being responsible for the deaths of a total of between 890,000 and 2,000,000 enemy soldiers
  • "Rooney" — William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, Confederate general and U.S. Congressman[55]
  • "Rosey" — Redfield Mason, U.S. cryptanalyst[40]
  • "Rough and Ready" - Zachary Taylor, U.S. Army general
  • "Rum" — John M. Jones, Confederate general

S
  • "The Saint" — Augustus R. St. Angelo, U.S. submarine officer[2]
  • "Sailor" — Adolph G. Malan, South African fighter ace in the RAF in the Second World War[73]
  • "Sailor King" — King William IV of Great Britain (due to service in the Royal Navy)
  • "Sally" — James J. Archer, Confederate general
  • "Sam Bahadur" — Sam Manekshaw, former Indian Army field marshal
  • "San Xing Jia Nu 三姓家奴" (Chinese, "Slave of Three Surnames") — Lü Bu, general and warlord of the late Eastern Han dynasty, for his betrayal of former masters Ding Yuan and Dong Zhuo
  • "Sandy" — Louis D. McGregor, U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Savvy" —
    • Charles M. Cooke, Jr., World War II U.S. sailor[2]
    • Leon J. Huffman, U.S. submarine commander[2]
    • Charles W. Read, U.S. Federal and Confederate naval officer
  • "Schneller Heinz" (German, "Hurrying Heinz") — Heinz Guderian, World War II German panzer general
  • "der Schweiger" (German, "The silent one") - Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, long-serving 19th century chief of the Prussian and later the German General Staff
  • "Screwball" - George Beurling, World War II Canadian fighter ace
  • "Seminole" — Edmund Kirby Smith, Confederate general
  • "Shadow" – Lynn Garrison, RCAF fighter pilot and mercenary
  • "Shanks" — Nathan G. Evans, Confederate general
  • "Sharkey" — Nigel Ward, Royal Navy fighter pilot during the Falklands War and author.[74]
  • "Shen Tong Dajiang 神通大将" (Chinese, roughly "Great General of Clever Ability") — Li Siye, general of the Tang Dynasty, for his prowess in the campaign against Chach
  • "Shen Xu 申胥" (Chinese, "Xu of Shen") — Wu Zixu, general and politician of the Wu kingdom in the Spring and Autumn period
  • "Shimi" — Simon Fraser, Second World War British commando leader
  • "Shorty" —
  • "Shot Pouch" — William H.T. Walker, Confederate general
  • "Shy" — Edward C. Meyer, former United States Army Chief of Staff
  • "Silent Otto" — Otto Kretschmer, World War II German ace submarine commander[47]
  • "Skinny" — Francis W. Rockwell, U.S. Navy admiral[2]
  • "Sky Samurai" — Saburō Sakai, World War II Japanese Navy fighter ace
  • "Slew" — John S. McCain, Sr., World War II U.S. admiral and aviator
  • "Smiling Albert" — Albert Kesselring, World War II Luftwaffe field marshal
  • "Smitty" — John S. McCain, Jr., Vietnam War U.S. admiral
  • "Soarer" – David G. M. Campbell (after winning the 1896 Grand National on a horse called "Soarer")[6]
  • "Soupy" — James H. Campbell, World War II U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Spanky" — George Roberts, commander of the 99th Fighter Squadron (Tuskegee Airmen)
  • "Sparky" _ Ronald Speirs, Governor of Spandau Prison
  • "Speed" — John P. Currie, World War II U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Spider" — James Marks, former commander of the United States Army Intelligence Center
  • "Spig" — Frank W. Wead, U.S. Navy aviator and screenwriter
  • "Spike" —
  • "Splash" – Edward Ashmore, British general who served in the Royal Flying Corps and RAF during World War I before rejoining the army to lead air defence
  • "Spoons" – Benjamin F. Butler, Union general
  • "Spud" — Elbert C. Lindon, U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Spuds" -Theodore G. Ellyson, U.S. Naval Aviator
  • "Stan" — Roderic Dallas, World War I Australian fighter ace
  • "Steam" — Elliott E. Marshall, U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Star of Africa" — Hans-Joachim Marseille, German flying ace
  • "Stonewall" — Thomas J. Jackson, Confederate general
  • "Stoney" — Clifford H. Roper, U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Stormin' Norman" — Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr., U.S. general (a nickname he disliked)
  • "Strafer" — W. H. E. Gott, British general (from a German propaganda poster, Gott strafe England)
  • "Stuffy" — Hugh C. T. Dowding, commander of Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain[73]
  • "Sunshine" — Stuart S. Murray, U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Swanky Syd" – S. T. B. Lawford, British general (from his penchant for appearing full dress uniform and in the company of beautiful women)
  • "The Swamp Fox" — Francis Marion, U.S. general
  • "The Swamp Fox of the Confederacy" — M. Jeff Thompson, Confederate general
  • "Swede" —
    • Eliot H. Bryant, World War II U.S. submarine commander[2]
    • Charles B. Momsen, World War II U.S. submarine force commander, inventor of the Momsen lung[2]
  • "The Swedish knight"— Sir Sidney Smith, British naval officer in the Napoleonic Wars who was knighted by the Swedish Crown
  • "Systematic Joe" — Sir Stanley Maude, British general in Mesopotamia during World War I (for his carefully planned campaign advancing up the Tigris river)

T
  • "Taffy"
  • "Taigong Wang 太公望" (Chinese, roughly "Hopeful Grand Duke") — Jiang Ziya, Zhou Dynasty noble, statesman, and general, for being the 'master' King Wen of Zhou had hoped for
  • "Tenacious" — Tanaka Raizo World War II Japanese destroyer admiral (for action in the Solomon Islands)[1][76]
  • "Terrible Turner" — R. Kelly Turner, Admiral USN in World War II
  • "The Great Asparagus" — Charles De Gaulle, French general and later President of France
  • "The Terror" — Edward Quinan, Indian Army General in World War II[77]
  • "The Terror of Morocco" - Aarne Juutilainen, Finnish army captain, who also served in the French Foreign Legion
  • "The Tiger" - Suheil al-Hassan, Syrian Arab Army Brigadier General
  • "The Young Napoleon" - George B. McClellan, Union general
  • "Tex" —
    • Forrest R. Biard, World War II U.S. submarine commander[2]
    • David Hill, Flying Tigers fighter ace
    • Heber H. McLean, U.S. submarine commander[2]
    • Leonard S. Mewhinney, U.S. submarine commander[2]
    • Chris Kyle, U.S. Navy SEAL
  • "Thunderbolt" —
  • "Tiger of Malaya" — Yamashita Tomoyuki, World War II Japanese general[31]
  • "Tin Legs" - Sir Douglas Bader - Second World War RAF ace
  • "Tiny" —
    • Edmund Ironside, British field marshal and Chief of the Imperial General Staff
    • Frank C. Lynch, Jr., U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Tooey" — Carl A. Spaatz, American general, first Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
  • "Tubby" — Arthur Allen, Second World War Australian general
  • "Turkey Neck" — George C. Crawford, World War II U.S. submarine commander[2]

U
  • "Uncle Bill" — William Slim, British Second World War general in Burma
  • "Uncle Billy" — William T. Sherman, U.S. Civil War general
  • "Uncle Charlie" — Charles A. Lockwood, Jr., World War II U.S. Pacific Fleet Submarine Force commander[2]
  • "Uncle John" — John Sedgwick, U.S. Civil War general
  • "Uncle Wiggly Wings" — Gail S. Halvorsen, U.S. Air Force officer[78]

V
  • "Vati (German for "Pappy" or "Daddy") - Werner Mölders, German fighter ace
  • "Vinegar Joe" — Joseph Stillwell, U.S. general
  • "Valkoinen Kuolema" (Finnish for "white death") - Simo Häyhä, Finnish sniper in Winter War

W
  • "War Horse" – James Longstreet, Confederate general
  • "Warrior Monk" – James Mattis, retired US Marine Corps general and US Secretary of Defense
  • "Weary"
    • Edward Dunlop, Australian surgeon renowned for his leadership role while imprisoned by the Japanese during the Second World War
    • Charles W. Wilkins, U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Weegee" — William G. Brown, World War II U.S. submarine commander[2]
  • "Wen Hou 温候" (Chinese, "Marquis of Wen") — Lü Bu, general and warlord of the late Eastern Han dynasty, a title granted by Dong Zhuo which became a household name
  • "Westy" - William Westmoreland, Commander of U.S. forces during the Vietnam War
  • "Whiskey" - Andrew Jackson Smith, Union Army general
  • "White Death" - Simo Häyhä, Finnish Sniper during the Winter War
  • "The White Death of the Saracens" – Nikephoros II Phokas Byzantine general and emperor
  • "The White Mouse"- Nancy Wake, for her ability to elude capture
  • "The White Tornado" — Adrian Cummins, Royal Australian Navy commodore, for his 'whirling' manner
  • "Wild Bill" - William J. Donovan, Medal of Honor recipient, Army major general and first director of the Office of Strategic Services
  • "Willie" — J. B. Tait, British bomber pilot in the Second World War
  • "Wingy" — James M. L. Renton, British general (for having lost an arm in battle)
  • "Winkle" - Eric Brown, British Second World War test pilot
  • "Wizard of the Saddle" — Nathan Bedford Forrest, Confederate cavalry general
  • "Wolong 卧龙" (Chinese, "Crouching Dragon") — Zhuge Liang, politician, military strategist, writer, engineer and inventor during the late Eastern Han dynasty, and Imperial Chancellor and regent of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period, for his ambition and great potential
  • "Wooch" — Kendall J. Fielder, U.S. Army intelligence officer[79]
  • "Wooden Box" - Richard Geoffrey Pine-Coffin, British Army parachute officer during the Second World War
  • "Wop" — W. R. May, Canadian aviator in the First World War
  • "Wu Tzu 吴子" (Chinese, 'Tzu' is used in respect) — Wu Qi, military leader, general, Legalist philosopher, and politician in the Warring States period
  • "Wully" - Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet - Chief of the Imperial General Staff during the First World War, never lost traces of a working-class accent
  • "Wutz" -- Wilhelm-Ferdinand Galland, World War II Luftwaffe fighter pilot and brother of Adolf Galland

X
  • "Xi Chu Ba Wang 西楚霸王" (Chinese, "Hegemon-King of Western Chu") — Xiang Yu, Late Qin Dynasty Warlord, King of Western Chu during the Chu–Han Contention, for his immense bravery and ferocity
  • "Xiang Shuai 香帅" (Chinese, "Fragrant Marshall") – Zhang Zhidong, important Chinese official of the late Qing dynasty, because of his courtesy name Xiang Tao 香涛
  • "Xin Shuai 馨帅" (Chinese, "Aromatic Marshall") – Sun Chuanfang, Zhili clique warlord and protégé of the "Jade Marshal" Wu Peifu (1874–1939).,[80] because of his courtesy name Xin Yuan 馨远
  • "Xiao Ba Wang 小霸王" (Chinese, "Little Hegemon-King"), also "Zhi'er 猘兒" (Chinese, roughly "Impulsive and Brave Lad") - Sun Ce, general and warlord of the late Eastern Han dynasty, for his bravery
  • "Xiao Wei Yuan Zhang 小委员长" (Chinese, "Little Chairman"), - Chen Cheng, Chinese political and military leader, and one of the main National Revolutionary Army commanders during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, because Chiang Kai-Shek was often referred to as 'Chairman', thus to describe Chen's position as second-in-command
  • "Xiao Zhuge 小诸葛" (Chinese, "Little Zhuge Liang"), - Bai Chongxi, Chinese general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China (ROC) and a prominent Chinese Nationalist leader.,[81] for his many battlefield exploits during the Northern expedition
  • "Xue Ping Gui 薛平贵" (Chinese, literally "Xue the Parity and Expensive") - Xue Yue, Chinese Nationalist military general, given to him by the Hunanese people for his interference in the price of rice in Hunan for the war effort

Y

Z
  • "Zhou Lang 周郎" (Chinese, "Zhou the Youth") – Zhou Yu, military general and strategist serving under the late Eastern Han warlord Sun Ce, for his youth, good looks and impressive battle record
  • "Ziggy" – Clifton Sprague, US admiral in World War II

See also

References
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  2. Blair, Clay, Jr. (1975). Silent victory: the U.S. submarine war against Japan. Philadelphia: Lippincott. ISBN 978-0-397-00753-0. OCLC 821363.
  3. Bekker, Cajus. Hitler's Naval War (New York City: Kensington Publishing Corp. {Zebra Books}, 1974; reprints Gerhard Stalling Verlag's 1971 Verdammte See), p. 178.
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  9. "Vice Admiral Al Konetzni". BBC Two.
  10. Maclear, Michael. The Ten Thousand Day War (London: Thames/Methuen, 1982), p.94.
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  12. Regan, Geoffrey (1993). The Guinness Book of More Military Blunders. Enfield: Guinness Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85112-728-6. OCLC 59946018.
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  14. Barnett, Correlli (1960). Desert Generals. New York: Ballantine. OCLC 1027319.
  15. Farago, Patton
  16. Dupuy, Trevor N., Colonel, United States Army (rtd), editor. Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography (Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books, 1992), p.633.
  17. Saward, Dudley (1984). "Bomber" Harris : the story of Marshal of the Royal Air Force, Sir Arthur Harris, Bt, GCB, OBE, AFC, LLD, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Bomber Command, 1942-1945. London: Buchan & Enright. OCLC 11082290.
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  19. Bekker, p.130.
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