List of human disease case fatality rates

This is a list of human infectious diseases with their case fatality rates (CFRs). A CFR is the proportion of people diagnosed with a disease who die from the disease (cf. mortality rate). The infection fatality rate (IFR) is the proportion of people infected by a disease-causing agent, including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections, who die from the disease; it cannot be higher than the CFR and is often much lower. Data are based on optimally treated patients and exclude isolated cases or minor outbreaks, unless otherwise indicated.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Disease Type Treatment CFR IFR Notes Reference(s)
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies Prion Currently Incurable 100% Includes Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and all its variants, fatal familial insomnia, kuru, Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome and others. [1]
African trypanosomiasis Parasitic Untreated ~100% [2]
Visceral leishmaniasis Parasitic Untreated ~100% [3]
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, Naegleria fowleri Amoeba Untreated ~100% Amphotericin B has shown efficacy in the limited survivorship population. Around 7 documented survivors
Flu season, Seasonal Influenza Viral Largely unvaccinated,
Treated		 0.1% 0.025%-0.04% Acquisition of an influenza vaccine or virus may also lessen the symptoms of a subsequent infection from other closely related subtypes or lineage strains.[4] [5], [6], [7]
Rabies Viral Untreated ~100% Preventable with vaccines down to ~0% CFR and treatable with PEP but, once the symptoms manifest, the CFR is near 100%. Around 16 documented survivors after symptom onset, all but 3 did not receive any Rabies (specific) treatment at any time before symptom onset. Of those 3, only 1 survived without the use of a therapeutic coma [8]
Balamuthia Amoeba Opportunistic & Untreated[9] ~100% 2 survivors, both have permanent brain damage. [10]
Glanders, septicemic Bacterial Untreated 95% The rate drops significantly to >50% with treatment. [11]
Smallpox Variola major – specifically the malignant (flat) or hemorrhagic type Viral Untreated ~95% The rate drops significantly to 10% with effective treatments.
Eradicated.		 [12]:28
[13]
Ebola virus disease – specifically EBOV Viral Unvaccinated & Untreated [83–90]%
 Prognosis improved by early supportive treatments as seen in the West African epidemic and the Kivu outbreak. [14][15]
AIDS/HIV infection Viral Untreated [80–90]% Data are counted during the first 5 years of infection in developed countries. HIV is not lethal on its own but patients are usually killed by respiratory diseases, such as flu or pneumonia because of immunodeficiency caused by HIV virus. [16]:1
Anthrax, specifically the pulmonary form Bacterial Unvaccinated & Untreated > 85% Early treatments lower the CFR to 45% as seen in the 2001 AMERITHRAX letter attacks.
Monoclonal antibodies (Obilotoxaximab & Raxibacumab) could lower this further.		 [12]:88
Macanine alphaherpesvirus 1 Viral Untreated ~80% Early treatment including aciclovir can improve prognosis. [17]
Aspergillosis, invasive pulmonary form Fungal Opportunistic w/COPD, Tuberculosis and Immunocompromised [50–90]% [18]
Smallpox, Variola major – in pregnant women Viral Unvaccinated > 65% [12]:88
Cryptococcal meningitis Fungal Co-infection with HIV [40–60]% 6 month mortality is >=60% with fluconazole-based therapy and 40% with amphotericin-based therapy in research studies in low and middle income countries. [19]
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Viral ~60% [20]
Bubonic plague Bacterial Unvaccinated & Untreated [5–60]% [12]:57
Tularemia, pneumonic Bacterial Untreated ≤ 60% [12]:78
Anthrax, gastrointestinal, intestinal type Bacterial Unvaccinated & Untreated > 50% [12]:27
Marburg virus disease – all outbreaks combined Viral Untreated [23–90]% 23% in 1967 when it was first identified and 90% in 2004-2005 when the worst outbreak of the disease occurred. Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Filoviridae [21][22]
Plague, pneumonic Bacterial Unvaccinated & Untreated 50% [12]:58
Tetanus, Generalized Bacterial Unvaccinated & Untreated 50% CFR drops to [10–20]% with effective treatment. [23]
Baylisascariasis Parasitic ~40% With occurrence of Neural Larva Migrans; early, aggressive treatment necessary for survival, but only 2 full recoveries from NLM ever documented [24]
Plague, septicemic Bacterial Unvaccinated & Untreated [30–50]% [12]:58
Hantavirus infection Viral 36% Ribavirin may be a drug for HPS and HFRS but its effectiveness remains unknown, still, spontaneous recovery is possible with supportive treatment.
Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Viral 35% Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Coronaviridae [25]
Tularemia, typhoidal Bacterial Untreated [3–35]% [12]:77
Eastern equine encephalitis virus Viral ~33% [26]
Anthrax, gastrointestinal, oropharyngeal type Bacterial [10–50]% [12]:27
Tuberculosis, HIV Negative Bacterial Vaccine 43% Vaccines have been developed but have been frequently dismissed for having received controversial and improper testing on African populations. [27]
Smallpox, Variola major Viral Unvaccinated 30% [12]:88
Varicella (chickenpox), in newborns Viral Untreated ~30% Where the mothers develop the disease between 5 days prior to, or 2 days after delivery. [16]:110
Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) Viral Untreated 26% Dengue haemorrhagic fever is also known as severe dengue.[28] [29]
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) Viral Untreated ~21% Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Bunyavirales [30]
Leptospirosis Bacterial < [5–30]% [16]:352
Legionellosis Bacterial ~15% [16]:665
Meningococcal disease Bacterial Unvaccinated & Untreated [10–20]% [31]
Typhoid fever Bacterial Unvaccinated & Untreated [10–20]% [16]:665
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Viral 11% Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Coronaviridae [32]
Intestinal capillariasis Parasitic Untreated ~10% [33]
Visceral leishmaniasis Parasitic ~10% [34]
Botulism Bacterial toxin Treated < 10% Untreated foodborne botulism is thought to be ~50% [35]
Diphtheria, respiratory Bacterial Unvaccinated & Untreated ~[5-10]% [36]
Yellow fever Viral Unvaccinated 7.5% [37]
Pertussis (whooping cough), infants in developing countries Bacterial Unvaccinated ~3.7% [16]:456
Smallpox, Variola major Viral Vaccinated 3% [12]:88
1918 (Spanish) flu Viral Treated > 2.5% [38]
Angiostrongyliasis Parasitic ~2.4% From Hawaiian cases. [39]
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Viral Unvaccinated &
Treated with unspecific treatments		 ~[1-9]%
(preliminary estimates)		 ~[0.12-1.08]%
(preliminary estimates)		 Ongoing pandemic. Global, up to 26 May 2020.[40] [41][42][43][44][5]
Measles (rubeola), in developing countries Viral Unvaccinated ~[1–3]% May reach [10–30]% in some localities. [16]:431
Cholera, in Africa Bacterial ~[2–3]% With proper treatment, may be less than 1%, while without treatment may reach 50% [45][46][47][48][49]
Brucellosis Bacterial Untreated ≤ 2% [16]:87
Hepatitis A, adults > 50 years old Viral Unvaccinated ~1.8% [16]:278
Lassa fever Viral ~1% 15% in hospitalized patients; higher in some epidemics. [16]:334
Mumps encephalitis Viral Unvaccinated ~1% [16]:431
Pertussis (whooping cough), children in developing countries Bacterial Unvaccinated ~1% For children 1–4 years old. [16]:456
Smallpox, Variola minor Viral Unvaccinated 1% [12]:87–88
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) Viral < 1% [12]:97–98
Anthrax, cutaneous Bacterial < 1% [12]:27
Malaria Parasitic ~0.3% [50]
Hepatitis A Viral Unvaccinated [0.1–0.3]% [16]:278
Polio Viral Without artificial breathing support ~0.1%, varies by age: 2-5% for children and up to 15-30% for adults 0.5% of all infected become paralysed. Of those, about [10-20]% die. [51][52]
Asian (1956–58) flu Viral ~0.1% [53]
Hong Kong (1968–69) flu Viral ~0.1% [53]
Influenza A, typical pandemics Viral < 0.1% [38]
Varicella (chickenpox), adults Viral Unvaccinated 0.02% [16]:110
Hand, foot and mouth disease, children < 5 years old Viral 0.01% [54]
Varicella (chickenpox), children Viral Unvaccinated 0.001% [16]:110

See also

References
  1. Krance SH, Luke R, Shenouda M, Israwi AR, Colpitts SJ, Darwish L, et al. (January 2020). "Cellular models for discovering prion disease therapeutics: Progress and challenges". Journal of Neurochemistry. n/a (n/a): 150–172. doi:10.1111/jnc.14956. PMID 31943194.
  2. "African Sleeping Sickness". Seattle Biomed. 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-06-07. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
  3. World Health Organization, (2013) "Health Topics: Leishmaniasis."
  4. Gostic, Katelyn M.; Bridge, Rebecca; Brady, Shane; Viboud, Cécile; Worobey, Michael; Lloyd-Smith, James O. (19 December 2019). "Childhood immune imprinting to influenza A shapes birth year-specific risk during seasonal H1N1 and H3N2 epidemics". PLOS Pathogens. 15 (12): e1008109. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008109. PMC 6922319. PMID 31856206. Lay summary.
  5. Fox, Justin (April 24, 2020). "The Coronavirus Isn't Just the Flu". Bloomberg.
  6. Achenbach, Joel (April 28, 2020). "Antibody tests support what's been obvious: Covid-19 is much more lethal than the flu". Washington Post.
  7. Rettner, Rachael (May 14, 2020). "How does the new coronavirus compare with the flu?". Live Science.
  8. "Rabies Fact Sheet N°99". World Health Organization. July 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  9. Baig AM (December 2014). "Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: ghost response of an immunocompromised host?". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 63 (Pt 12): 1763–1766. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.081315-0. PMID 25239626. S2CID 28069984.
  10. (2003)
  11. New Jersey Department of Agriculture (2003), Glanders: Infections in Humans
  12. USAMRIID (2011). USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook (PDF) (7th ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160900150.
  13. "Smallpox Disease and Its Clinical Management" (PDF). From the training course titled "Smallpox: Disease, Prevention, and Intervention" (www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/training/overview). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-10. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
  14. "Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103". World Health Organization. March 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  15. Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, eds. (2005). Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 648. ISBN 978-0-08057-548-3.
  16. Heymann DL, ed. (2008). Control of Communicable Diseases Manual (19th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association. ISBN 978-0-87553-189-2.
  17. Liu D (2014-04-08). Manual of Security Sensitive Microbes and Toxins. CRC Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4665-5396-5.
  18. Kousha, M.; Tadi, R.; Soubani, A. O. (31 August 2011). "Pulmonary aspergillosis: a clinical review". European Respiratory Review. 20 (121): 156–174. doi:10.1183/09059180.00001011. PMID 21881144.
  19. Rajasingham R, Rolfes MA, Birkenkamp KE, Meya DB, Boulware DR (25 September 2012). "Cryptococcal meningitis treatment strategies in resource-limited settings: a cost-effectiveness analysis". PLOS Medicine. 9 (9): e1001316. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001316. PMC 3463510. PMID 23055838.
  20. "Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, 2003-2013" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  21. Jacob, H.; Solcher, H. (1968). "Über eine durch grüne Meerkatzen (Cercopithecus aethiops) übertragene, zu Gliaknötchenencephalitis führende Infektionskrankheit ('Marburger Krankheit')" [An infectious disease transmitted by Cercopithecus aethiops ('marbury disease') with glial nodule encephalitis]. Acta Neuropathologica (in German). 11 (1): 29–44. doi:10.1007/BF00692793. PMID 5748997.
  22. Hovette, P (2005). "Epidémie de fièvre hémorragique à virus marburg en Angola" [Epidemic of Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Angola]. Médecine Tropicale (in French). 65 (2): 127–8. PMID 16038348.
  23. Hinfey, Patrick B (Jan 18, 2019). "What is the mortality rate for tetanus (lockjaw)?". Medscape.
  24. Kazacos KR (2016). "Baylisascaris Larva Migrans". Circular 1412: 136.
  25. Alsolamy S, Arabi YM (2015). "Infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus". Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy. 51 (4): 102. PMC 4631129. PMID 26566382.
  26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (16 August 2010) "Eastern Equine Encephalitis."
  27. Tiemersma EW, van der Werf MJ, Borgdorff MW, Williams BG, Nagelkerke NJ (April 2011). "Natural history of tuberculosis: duration and fatality of untreated pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV negative patients: a systematic review". PLOS ONE. 6 (4): e17601. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617601T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017601. PMC 3070694. PMID 21483732.
  28. "Dengue and severe dengue". World Health Organization. Fact sheet N°117. March 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-08.
  29. Ranjit S, Kissoon N (January 2011). "Dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndromes". Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 12 (1): 90–100. doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181e911a7. PMID 20639791.
  30. Alonso DO, Iglesias A, Coelho R, Periolo N, Bruno A, Córdoba MT, et al. (July 2019). "Epidemiological description, case-fatality rate, and trends of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: 9 years of surveillance in Argentina". Journal of Medical Virology. 91 (7): 1173–1181. doi:10.1002/jmv.25446. PMID 30840775.
  31. Ghuneim, Nedal; Dheir, Majdi; Issawi, Fouad (December 2013). "Incidence and case-fatality rate of meningococcal meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia in the Gaza Strip, occupied Palestinian territory, during 2011". The Lancet. 382: S12. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62584-2.
  32. "Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)" (PDF). Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization. 2003. p. 10.
  33. Bernstein D. "Intestinal Parasite Infections From Roundworms – Description, Diagnosis, Treatment". Fungus Focus.
  34. "Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR): Parasitic Diseases – Leishmaniasis". World Health Organization. 2013.
  35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1998), "Botulism in the United States: A Clinical and Epidemiologic Review"
  36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (7 February 2011) "Diphtheria."
  37. "Yellow fever". Fact sheets. World Health Organization. 7 May 2019.
  38. Taubenberger, Jeffery K.; Morens, David M. (January 2006). "1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. PMC 3291398. PMID 16494711.
  39. Johnston DI, Dixon MC, Elm JL, Calimlim PS, Sciulli RH, Park SY (September 2019). "Review of Cases of Angiostrongyliasis in Hawaii, 2007-2017". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 101 (3): 608–616. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.19-0280. PMC 6726938. PMID 31287041.
  40. "Global Covid-19 Case Fatality Rates". CEBM. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  41. Roques, Lionel; Klein, Etienne K; Papaïx, Julien; Sar, Antoine; Soubeyrand, Samuel (8 May 2020). "Using Early Data to Estimate the Actual Infection Fatality Ratio from COVID-19 in France". Biology. 9 (5): 97. doi:10.3390/biology9050097. PMID 32397286.
  42. Basu, Anirban (7 May 2020). "Estimating The Infection Fatality Rate Among Symptomatic COVID-19 Cases In The United States". Health Affairs: 10.1377/hlthaff. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00455. PMID 32379502.
  43. "Coronavirus Update (Live)". Worldometer.
  44. "Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center". Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center.
  45. Nsubuga, Fred; Garang, Stephen Chol; Tut, Mathew; Oguttu, David; Lubajo, Robert; Lodiongo, Dennis; Lasuba, Michael; Mpairwe, Allan (3 January 2019). "Epidemiological description of a protracted cholera outbreak in Tonj East and Tonj North counties, former Warrap State, South Sudan, May-Oct 2017". BMC Infectious Diseases. 19 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3640-5. PMC 6318988. PMID 30606126.
  46. Msyamboza, Kelias Phiri; Kagoli, Mathew; M'bang'ombe, Maurice; Chipeta, Sikhona; Masuku, Humphrey Dzanjo (11 June 2014). "Cholera outbreaks in Malawi in 1998-2012: social and cultural challenges in prevention and control". The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 8 (6): 720–726. doi:10.3855/jidc.3506. PMID 24916870.
  47. Noora, Charles Lwanga; Issah, Kofi; Kenu, Ernest; Bachan, Emmanuel George; Nuoh, Robert Domo; Nyarko, Kofi Mensah; Appiah, Paulina; Letsa, Timothy (10 August 2017). "Large cholera outbreak in Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana". BMC Research Notes. 10 (1): 389. doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2728-0. PMC 5553860. PMID 28797285.
  48. Alkassoum, S I; Djibo, I; Amadou, H; Bohari, A; Issoufou, H; Aka, J; Mamadou, S (May 2019). "The global burden of cholera outbreaks in Niger: an analysis of the national surveillance data, 2003–2015". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 113 (5): 273–280. doi:10.1093/trstmh/try145. PMID 30715523.
  49. Clemens, John D; Nair, G Balakrish; Ahmed, Tahmeed; Qadri, Firdausi; Holmgren, Jan (September 2017). "Cholera". The Lancet. 390 (10101): 1539–1549. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30559-7. PMID 28302312.
  50. "Malaria". WHO. WHO. December 2014. Retrieved 14 Jan 2015.
  51. "Poliomyelitis". WHO. WHO. 22 July 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  52. Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe C, eds. (2015), "Poliomyelitis", Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (13th ed.), Washington DC: Public Health Foundation, (chap. 18), archived from the original on 30 December 2016.
  53. Li, F C K; Choi, B C K; Sly, T; Pak, A W P (1 June 2008). "Finding the real case-fatality rate of H5N1 avian influenza". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 62 (6): 555–559. doi:10.1136/jech.2007.064030. PMID 18477756.
  54. Wang X, Wu X, Jia L, Li X, Li J, Li S, Qian H, Wang Q (August 2014). "Estimating the number of hand, foot and mouth disease amongst children aged under-five in Beijing during 2012, based on a telephone survey of healthcare seeking behavior". BMC Infectious Diseases. 14: 437. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-437. PMC 4149051. PMID 25117760.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.