List of basic income models
A basic income is a form of social security in which all citizens or residents of a country receive a regular, unconditional sum of money, either from a government or from some other public institution, independent of any other income.[1][2][3] This is a list of alternates to a full basic income that have been implemented or proposed.
| Name | Description | Spokespersons | Tested in | Books | Films/articles/interviews |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic Income, also known as Universal Basic Income (UBI), Negative Income Tax (NIT) and by many other names | Juliet Rhys-Williams, Milton Friedman, James Tobin, Philippe Van Parijs, Thomas Piketty | US and Canada (local experiments); the Iranian basic income is somewhat between a partial and a full basic income. | Capitalism and Freedom | Negative income tax & work, Negative income tax in Israel, Negative income tax in Ontario, Short info | |
| Wage subsidy, sometimes known as Participation Income | Scope limited to people in work (varyingly interpreted) | A. C. Pigou, Edmund Phelps, Tony Atkinson | ‘Inequality’ (2015; Atkinson) | ‘Low-wage employment subsidies versus the welfare state’ (Phelps) | |
| Partial basic income (PBI) | A partial basic income is any income guarantee set at a level that is less than enough to meet a person's basic needs.[4] | Alaska (Permanent Fund of Alaska)[5] | |||
| Guaranteed minimum income, an umbrella term for many types of benefit including unemployment benefit | Limited by means testing and availability for work | William Beveridge | Widely implemented | ||
| Citizen's dividend | Dependent on land value tax values from land and rents | Henry George, Thomas Paine | Alaska (Permanent Fund Dividend) | Agrarian Justice, Progress and Poverty | |
| Universal dividend | Dependent on a portion of production, proxied by a fixed and flat tax on personal income and corporate net profits, distributed flat as a non-taxed benefit among all residents or citizens over a certain age. | John Moser | The American Citizen's Dividend | ||
| Group Currency and Crypto Universal Basic Income | Greg Slepak et al.
|
VICE MotherBoard | |||
| Basic income for households | In the form of BI or NIT | ||||
| Basic income + negative income tax | A combination of BI and NIT | Hermonie Parker investigated several versions in Instead of the Dole | Instead of the Dole | ||
| $8000 UBI, $4000 (Minimum income), $4000 Carbon tax dividend. | For those under 65. Seniors system unchanged. | Pascal J - naturalfinance.net in Canadian context. | naturalfinance.net | ||
| Basic income and social insurance | Andreas Bergh | Bergh 2004 | |||
| Stake holding grants | Thomas Paine, Bruce Ackerman, Anne Alstott | The Stakeholder Society, Redesigning distribution | |||
| European/regional basic income | Basic income for a region, for example Europe | Van Parijs, Steve Quilley, Phillippe C. Schmitter m.fl. | Marc's proposal, NAFTA-divident | ||
| Basic income with strings | For example, children going to school | Brazil (Bolsa Famila) | |||
| Basic income for special regions (such as Israel-Palestine) | Philippe Van Parijs | ||||
| Basic income for food | FIAN | To poor countries | |||
| Global basic income | Global Basic Income Foundation, Myron J. Frankman m.fl. | ||||
| Local basic income | For a village, city, district | Otjivero (Namibia), 2 villages in China | |||
| Social credit | Social credit movement, C.H. Douglas | ||||
| Basic income + flat tax | Equal tax rate | M. Friedman | |||
| Basic income + VAT | Basic income financed by tax on consumption | Vivant | Germany | ||
| Basic income + demurrage | A self stabilizing money supply that is resistant to inflation and deflation. | Omar Syed, Aamir Syed | Sound Money Without Commodities | ||
| Basic income financed by equal rights to natural resources | Jay Hammond, Peter Barnes | Alaska, Iran (from 2011) | Capitalism 3.0 | ||
| Social dividend | Based on publicly owned enterprises, see market socialism | James Meade, Oskar Lange, Abba Lerner, John Roemer, James Yunker | |||
| Basic income instead of subventions | Iran (from 2011) | ||||
| Carbon fee and dividend | Basic income funded by a carbon tax | Citizens' Climate Lobby | British Columbia | ||
| Basic income to disaster regions | Haiti-1, A way to peace | ||||
| Basic income in the form of energy credits | Cosmic Accounting | ||||
| Basic Income Startup (ReCivitas) | “Lifetime Basic Income” | Marcus Brancaglione, Bruna Pereira | Brazil Quatinga Velho (local experiment) | Lessons from the Practice of Basic Income , Basic Income Startup | BRAZIL: Basic Income Startup gives “lifetime basic incomes” to villagers , NGO founds collaborative “projects network” |
| Basic income + monetary reform + land value tax | James Robertson, Herman Daly | ||||
| Three Pillars | National Dividend (ND) - a payment to all citizen-residents, paid for by a tax on the commons
National Income Supplement (NIS) - distributing all income taxes back to income earners, which would allow all income brackets to benefit from each other's success, and amplify their earnings (and underwrite labour costs) Assisted Savings Program (ASP) - mandatory long-term savings/investment, and distributing all capital gains taxes to ASP accounts, ensuring savers benefit from each other's success, and amplify their savings [6] Returning tax revenues to citizens through these programs is enabled by a shift to a form of Land Value Tax (called a ULT) for general revenues. The Three Pillars would also replace the minimum wage and state-run pensions. |
The New Physiocratic League | The New School of Economics |
References
- "Improving Social Security in Canada Guaranteed Annual Income: A Supplementary Paper". Government of Canada. 1994. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
- "History of Basic Income". Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN). Archived from the original on 21 June 2008.
- Universal Basic Income: A Review Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Accessed August 6, 2017.
- "Description at U.S. Basic Income Guarantee Network". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
- "Description at U.S. Basic Income Guarantee Network". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
- "The New Physiocratic Platform". The New Physiocratic League. 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
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