List of Second Anglo-Afghan War Victoria Cross recipients

The Victoria Cross (VC) was awarded to 16 members of the British Armed Forces for action during the Second Afghan War of 18781880. The Victoria Cross is a military decoration awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy" to members of the armed forces of some Commonwealth countries and previous British Empire territories. The VC was introduced in Great Britain on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to reward acts of valour during the Crimean War, and takes precedence over all other orders, decorations and medals. It may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command. The first ceremony was held on 26 June 1857, when Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in Hyde Park.[1]

92nd Highlanders at Kandahar. Oil by Richard Caton Woodville.

The original Royal Warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards, although official policy was to not award the VC posthumously. Between 1897 and 1901, several notices were issued in the London Gazette regarding soldiers who would have been awarded the VC had they survived. In a partial reversal of policy in 1902, six of the soldiers mentioned were granted the VC, but not "officially" awarded the medal. In 1907, the posthumous policy was completely reversed and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six officers and men.[2] The Victoria Cross warrant was not officially amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920, but one quarter of all awards for the First World War were posthumous.[3][4]

In the 19th century, Afghanistan was seen as an important buffer state to the north-west of British-ruled India. In 1866 Sher Ali Khan came to power and was initially well disposed towards Britain. During the next 10 years, relations between the two countries deteriorated, primarily over the issue of Russian encroachment on Afghanistan. In 1878, Sher Ali reluctantly allowed a Russian mission to Kabul, and refused entry to the Viceroy Lord Lytton. After this refusal, Britain sent him an ultimatum that demanded a British envoy be accepted into Afghanistan; when this was ignored, Britain sent in three columns of British troops.[5] The three British columns proceeded over the Bolan Pass to Kandahar, the Khyber Pass to Ali Masjid and through the Kurram Valley to Kabul. After several large victories for the British in 1878, fighting continued in the harsh mountainous terrain through the early months of 1879. As the British marched on Kabul, Sher Ali fled, leaving Yakub Khan to sign the Treaty of Gandamak on 26 May 1879 which required a British envoy in Kabul and the relinquishing of foreign affairs to the British.[5] When the Afghan army mutinied in late 1879, Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts launched punitive actions and he occupied Kabul on 6 October 1879. After a popular uprising in December, Roberts withdrew to Sherpur where they were besieged for three weeks before launching a major attack on 2223 December where they returned to Kabul and occupied it once again. Abdur Rahman Khan was instated as Emir in July 1880 but Ayub Khan led a rebel force which defeated the British at the Battle of Maiwand and besieged Kandahar. Roberts led a force from Kabul to Kandahar that defeated the rebels at the Battle of Kandahar on 1 September 1880. British forces withdrew in 1887 after Abdur Khan confirmed the initial Treaty of Gandamak and Britain's control over foreign policy.[6]

Recipients

NameUnitDate of actionPlace of action
James AdamsBengal Ecclesiastical Department1879-12-1111 December 1879Killa Kazi, Afghanistan
Thomas Ashford0077th Regiment of Foot1880-08-1616 August 1880Kandahar, Afghanistan
William Chase02828th Native Infantry1880-08-1616 August 1880Kandahar, Afghanistan
James CollisRoyal Horse Artillery1880-07-2727 July 1880Maiwand, Afghanistan
John Cook0055th Gurkha Rifles1878-12-022 December 1878Peiwar Kotal, Afghanistan
Garrett CreaghBombay Staff Corps1879-04-2121 April 1879Khyber Pass, Afghanistan
William Dick-Cunyngham09292nd Regiment of Foot1879-12-1313 December 1879Sherpur Pass, Afghanistan
Walter HamiltonCorps of Guides1879-04-022 April 1879Futtehabad, Afghanistan
Arthur HammondCorps of Guides1879-12-1414 December 1879Asmai Heights, Afghanistan
Reginald HartRoyal Engineers1879-01-3131 January 1879Bazar Valley, Afghanistan
Edward LeachRoyal Engineers & Bengal Sappers and Miners[7]1879-03-1717 March 1879Khyber Pass, Afghanistan
Patrick MullaneRoyal Horse Artillery1880-07-2727 July 1880Maiwand, Afghanistan
Euston Sartorious05959th Regiment of Foot1879-10-2424 October 1879Shahjui, Afghanistan
George Sellar07272nd Regiment of Foot1879-12-1414 December 1879Asmai Heights, Afghanistan
William Vousden0055th Punjab Cavalry1879-12-1414 December 1879Asmai Heights, Afghanistan
George White09292nd Regiment of Foot1879-10-066 October 1879Charasiah, Afghanistan

References

General
  • "Victoria Cross Registers". National Archives (UK). Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  • Arthur, Max (2005). Symbol of Courage; Men behind the Medal. Pan books. ISBN 978-0-330-49133-4.
  • Ashcroft, Michael (2006). Victoria Cross Heroes. Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0-7553-1632-0.
  • Crook, M.J. (1975). The Evolution of the Victoria Cross. Midas books. pp. 115–119. ISBN 0-85936-041-5.
  • Harper, Glyn; Richardson, Colin (2006). In the face of the enemy: the complete history of the Victoria Cross and New Zealand. HarperCollins Auckland. ISBN 1-86950-522-0.
Specific
  1. Ashcroft, Michael; preface; XIXIII
  2. "No. 27986". The London Gazette. 15 January 1907. p. 325.
  3. Crook, MJ, Chapter 8 pp.6890
  4. "No. 31946". The London Gazette. 18 June 1920. p. 6702.
  5. Arthur, Max; p.115
  6. Arthur, Max; p.116
  7. The Royal Engineers Museum - Victoria Crosses held by the Royal Engineers Museum Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.