List of Palmyrene monarchs

Below is the list of Palmyrene monarchs, the monarchs that ruled and presided over the city of Palmyra and the subsequent Palmyrene Empire in the 3rd century AD, and the later vassal princes of the Al Fadl dynasty which ruled over the city in the 14th century.

House of Odaenathus

Odaenathus, the lord of Palmyra, declared himself king before riding into battle against the Sassanians after news of the Roman defeat at Edessa reached him.[1] This elevated Palmyra from a subordinate city to a de facto independent kingdom allied to Rome.[2]

Odaenathus later elevated himself to the title of King of Kings, crowning his son co-King of Kings in 263.[3] The title was later passed to Vaballathus his son, before it was dropped for the title of King[4] and later Emperor.

Portrait Name Ruler From Ruler Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Title Notes
Odaenathus 260 267 King
King of Kings		 Founder of the Palmyrene monarchy, dropped the King title and started using King of Kings by 263
Hairan I 263 267  • Son of Odaeanthus King of Kings Made co-King of Kings by his father.[5]
Maeonius 267 267  • Odaenathus' cousin.[6] Emperor No evidence exist for his reign,[7] but he allegedly murdered Odaenathus and his son, Hairan and attempted a usurpation
Vaballathus 267 272  • Son of Odaenathus King of Kings
King
Emperor		 Dropped the "King of Kings" title in 270, replacing it with the Latin rex (king) and declared emperor in 271.[4] Reigned under the regency of his mother, Zenobia.[8]
Zenobia 267 272  • Mother of Vaballathus Queen
Empress		 Ruled as a regent for her children and did not claim to rule in her own right.[8]
Antiochus 273 273  • Possibly a son of Zenobia.[9] Emperor

Al Fadl dynasty
RulerReignedTitleNotes
Sharaf ad-Din Issa1281–1284PrinceAppointed as a reward for aiding the Mamluks.[10]
Husam ad-Din Muhanna1284–1293PrinceImprisoned by the Mamluks.[11]
Husam ad-Din Muhanna1295–1312PrinceSecond reign.[11]
Fadl ibn Isa1312–1317PrinceBrother of Muhanna.[11]
Husam ad-Din Muhanna1317–1320PrinceExpelled with his tribe.[11]
Husam ad-Din Muhanna1330–1335PrinceFourth reign.[11]
Muzaffar al-Din Musa1335–1341PrinceSon of Muhanna.[12]
Suleiman I1341–1342PrinceSon of Muhanna.[13]
Sharaf al-Din Issa1342–1343PrinceSon of Fadl bin Issa.[13]
Saif1343–1345PrinceSon of Fadl bin Issa.[13]
Ahmad1345–1347PrinceSon of Muhanna.[14]
Saif1347–1348PrinceSecond reign.[14]
Ahmad1348PrinceSecond reign.[14]
Fayad1348PrinceSon of Muhanna.[15]
Hayar1348–1350PrinceSon of Muhanna.[15]
Fayad1350–1361PrinceSecond reign.[15]
Hayar1361–1364PrinceSecond reign; rebelled and was dismissed.[13][15]
Zamil1364–1366PrinceSon of Muhanna's brother Musa.[13]
Hayar1366–1368PrinceThird reign; rebelled and was dismissed.[16]
Zamil1368PrinceSecond reign; rebelled and was dismissed.[16]
Mu'ayqil1368-1373PrinceSon of Fadl bin Issa.[16]
Hayar1373–1375PrinceFourth reign.[16]
Malik1375–1379PrinceSon of Muhanna.[16]
Zamil1379–1380PrinceThird reign; ruled with Mu'ayqil.[16]
Mu'ayqil1379–1380PrinceSecond reign; ruled with Zamil.[16]
Nu'air bin Hayar1380–0000PrinceSon of Hayar.[16]
Musa0000–1396PrinceSon of Hayar's brother Assaf.[16]
Suleiman II1396–1398PrinceSon of Hayar's brother 'Anqa.[17]
Muhammad1398–1399PrinceBrother of Suleiman II.[18]
Nu'air bin Hayar1399–1406PrinceSecond reign.[18]

References
  1. Dignas, Beate; Winter, Engelbert (2007) [2001]. Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-521-84925-8.
  2. Young, Gary K. (2003) [2001]. Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC - AD 305. Routledge. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-134-54793-7.
  3. Udo Hartmann (2001). Das palmyrenische Teilreich (in German). p. 178.
  4. Andrew M. Smith II (2013). Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation. p. 179.
  5. Maurice Sartre (2005). The Middle East Under Rome. p. 353.
  6. Trevor Bryce (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. p. 292.
  7. George C. Brauer (1975). The Age of the Soldier Emperors: Imperial Rome, A.D. 244-284. Noyes Press. p. 163.
  8. Pat Southern (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. p. 92.
  9. Alaric Watson (2004). Aurelian and the Third Century. p. 81.
  10. محمد عدنان قيطاز (1998). "مهنّا (أسرة)". الموسوعة العربية (in Arabic). 19. هيئة الموسوعة العربية. p. 788. Archived from the original on 2016-08-02. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
  11. Khayr al-Dīn Ziriklī (1926). al-Aʻlām,: qāmūs tarājim al-ashʾhur al-rijāl wa-al-nisāʾ min al-ʻArab wa-al-mustaʻrabīn wa-al-mustashriqīn, Volume 7 (in Arabic). p. 73.
  12. Yūsuf al-Atābikī Ibn Taghrī Birdī (1451). al-Manhal al-ṣāfī wa-al-mustawfá baʻda al-wāfī (in Arabic). p. 373.
  13. Ibn Khaldūn (1375). Kitāb al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih, Volume 5 - Part 30 (in Arabic). p. 105.
  14. Khalīl ibn Aybak Ṣafadī (1363). al-Wāfī bi-al-Wafayāt Vol.28 (in Arabic). p. 345.
  15. Khalīl ibn Aybak Ṣafadī (1363). al-Wāfī bi-al-Wafayāt Vol.7 (in Arabic). p. 192.
  16. Ibn Khaldūn (1375). Kitāb al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih, Volume 6 - Part 11 (in Arabic). p. 11.
  17. Yūsuf al-Atābikī Ibn Taghrī Birdī (1451). al-Manhal al-ṣāfī wa-al-mustawfá baʻda al-wāfī, Volume 6 (in Arabic). p. 48.
  18. Aḥmad Ibn-ʻAlī Ibn-ʻAbdalqādir al- Maqrīzī (1441). as-Sulūk li-maʻrifat duwal al-mulūk (in Arabic). p. 801.
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