List of Negro league baseball teams

This list of Negro league baseball teams is based in part on the list maintained by the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum of Kansas City, Missouri, in using the term "Negro leagues" for varying levels of black baseball during racial segregation in the United States. Many of these teams reorganized or relocated which necessitated changing of names and frequently its players, staff and owner.

Teams in bold are considered to have been of major league caliber for at least one season of their existence. Other teams were either a semi-pro, barnstorming or traveling team; a minor league team; or a team that existed after the integration of Major League Baseball (1946) when the talent level declined dramatically.

Alabama
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Birmingham Black Barons19201961NSL (1920–23, 26, 31–36)
NNL1 (1924–25, 27–30)
NAL (1937–38, 40–61)
  • NSL was a minor league every season except 1932
  • Did not field a team for 1939
 [1]
Birmingham Giants19071909Independent (1907–09)[2]
Mobile Black Bears[3]
Mobile Tigers
Montgomery Grey Sox (I)19201921NSL (1920)
Independent (1921)		[4]
Montgomery Grey Sox (II)19311932Independent (1931)
NSL (1932)		[5]

Arkansas
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Little Rock Black Travelers[3]

California
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Los Angeles White Sox19461946WCNBL (1946)[6]
Oakland Larks19461946WCNBL (1946)[7]
San Diego Tigers19461946WCNBL (1946)[8]
San Francisco Sea Lions19461946WCNBL (1946)[9]

Colorado
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Denver White Elephants

Connecticut
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Ansonia Cuban Giants18911891Connecticut State LeagueThe Ansonia Cuban Giants were an all-black team in an otherwise all-white league

Delaware
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Wilmington Potomacs
(See Washington Potomacs)		19251925ECL (1925)
  • Disbanded mid-season 1925
 [3]

District of Columbia
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Washington Black Senators19381938ECL (1938)
  • Disbanded in August before season ended
 [3]
Washington Elite Giants
(See Baltimore Elite Giants)		19361937NNL2 (1936–37)[10]
Washington Pilots19321932EWL (1932)[3]
Washington Potomacs club
  • Washington Potomacs (1923–24)
  • Wilmington Potomacs (1925)
 19231925Independent (1923)
ECL (1924–25)		[3]
Washington Homestead Grays
(See Homestead Grays)		1939c. 1950sNNL2 (1939–48)
Independent (1949–c. 50s)
  • Split home games in Pittsburgh
  • Alternately known as Washington Grays later
  • Sparingly used Pittsburgh as home field after c. 1948
 [11]

Florida
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Jacksonville Red Caps club
  • Jacksonville Red Caps (1938)
  • Cleveland Bears (1939–40)
  • Jacksonville Red Caps (1941–42)
 19381942NAL (1938–42)
  • Disbanded midway through 1942 season
 [12]
Ethiopian Clowns
(See Indianapolis Clowns)		c. 1930s1942Independent (c. 1930s–42)
  • Based in Miami
  • Also known as Miami Giants c. 1930s

Georgia
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Atlanta Black Crackers (I) club
  • Atlanta Black Crackers (I) (1919–38)
  • Indianapolis ABCs (IV) (1939)
 19191939Ind.(19,22–25,28,30–31,33–34,37)
NSL(I)(20–21,26–27,29,32,35–36)
NAL (1938–39)
  • NSL was a minor league every season except 1932
  • Disestablished May 1939
 [13][14]
Atlanta Black Crackers (II)19431949Independent (1943–44)
NSL (II) (1945–47)
NAA (1948–49)		 [13]

Illinois
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Chicago American Giants19101952Independent (1910–19)
NNL1 (1920–31)
NSL (1932)
NNL2 (1933–35)
Independent (1936)
NAL (1937–52)
  • Formed via 1909 split of Leland Giants
(See Leland Giants entry)
  • Known as Leland Giants (II) 1910
  • Also known as Cole's American Giants 1932–35
  • Moved majority of home games temporarily to Indianapolis 1933
 [15]
Chicago Brown Bombers19451945USL (1945)[16]
Chicago Columbia Giants18991900Independent (1899–1900)
  • Merged with Chicago Unions to become Chicago Union Giants 1901
  • (See Leland Giants entry)
 [17]
Chicago Giants19101921Independent (1910–19)
NNL1 (1920–21)
  • Formed via 1909 split of Leland Giants
(See Leland Giants entry)
 [18]
Chicago Unions18871900Independent (1887–1900)
  • Merged with Chicago Columbia Giants to become Chicago Union Giants 1901
  • (See Leland Giants entry)
 [19]
Leland Giants19011909Independent (1901–09)
  • Formed via 1901 merger of:
Chicago Unions (1887–1900)
Chicago Columbia Giants (1899–1900)
  • Known as Chicago Union Giants 1901–04
  • Split after 1909 to form:
Chicago Giants
(See Chicago Giants entry)
Leland Giants (II)
(See Chicago American Giants entry)
 [20][21]

Indiana
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Cole's American Giants
(See Chicago American Giants)		19331933NNL2 (1933)
  • Played majority of home games temporarily in Indianapolis 1933
 [15]
Indianapolis ABCs (I)c. 19131926Independent (1913–19)
NNL1 (1920–26)		[14]
Indianapolis ABCs (II) club
  • Indianapolis ABCs (II) (1931–33)
  • Detroit Stars (II) (1933)
 19311933NNL1 (1931)
NSL (1932)
NNL2 (1933)
  • Relocated to Detroit shortly after opening day 1933
 [14][22]
Indianapolis ABCs (III)
(See St. Louis Stars (III))		19381938NAL (1938)[14][23]
Indianapolis ABCs (IV)
(See Atlanta Black Crackers (I))		19391939NAL (1939)
  • Disestablished May 1939
 [14]
Indianapolis Clowns club
  • Miami Giants (c. 1930s)
  • Ethiopian Clowns (c. 1930s–42)
  • Cincinnati Clowns (1943)
  • Indianapolis–Cincinnati Clowns (1944)
  • Cincinnati Clowns (1945)
  • Indianapolis Clowns (1946–62)
 c. 1930s1962Independent (c. 1930s–42)
NAL (1943–55)
Independent (1956–62)
Indianapolis Athletics19371937NAL (1937)[3]
Indianapolis Crawfords
(See Pittsburgh Crawfords)		19401940NAL (1940)
  • Folded after 1940 season
 [24]

Kansas
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Kansas City Giants19091911Independent (1909–11)[25]

Kentucky
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Louisville Black Caps club
  • Louisville Black Caps (Apr–Aug)
  • Columbus Turfs (Aug–Sept)
 19321932NSL (1932)
  • Relocated to Columbus in August then folded at end of season
 [3]
Louisville Black Colonels[3]
Louisville Buckeyes
(See Cleveland Buckeyes)		19491949NAL (1949)[26]
Louisville Fall City18871887NCBBL (1887)[27]
Louisville White Sox19311931NNL1 (1931)[3]
Zulu Cannibal Giants19341937Independent (1934–37)
  • Based in Louisville
 [19]

Louisiana
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Detroit–New Orleans Stars
(See Detroit Stars (IV))		19601961NAL (1960–61)
  • Folded after 1961 season
 [28]
Monroe Monarchs1920s1935Negro Southern League (1932)
  • NSL only organized league to complete the 1932 season
    (Considered de facto Major League)
 [29]
New Orleans Ads19201920Negro Southern League (1920)
  • Team often referred to as the Caulfield Ads
 [30]
New Orleans Crescent Stars19211937Independent (1921–22, 1932–37) [28]
New Orleans Stars19241924Independent (1924)[31]
New Orleans–St. Louis Stars
(See St. Louis Stars (III))		19401941NAL (1940–41)
  • Split home games between New Orleans and St. Louis
 [23]

Maryland
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Baltimore Black Sox (I)19161933Independent (1916–22)
ECL (1923–28)
ANL (1929)
Independent (1930–31)
EWL (1932)
NNL2 (1933)		[32]
Baltimore Black Sox (II)19341934NNL2 (1934)
  • Only played second half of season then folded
 [32]
Baltimore Elite Giants club
  • Nashville Standard Giants (1919–20)
  • Nashville Elite Giants (1921–30)
  • Cleveland Cubs (1931)
  • Nashville Elite Giants (1932–34)
  • Columbus Elite Giants (1935)
  • Washington Elite Giants (1936–37)
  • Baltimore Elite Giants (1938–51)
 19191951Independent (1919–29)
NNL1 (1930–31)
NSL (1932)
NNL2 (1933–48)
NAL (1949–51)
  • Dissolved around 1951
 [10]
Baltimore Lord Baltimores18871887NCBBL (1887)[33]

Massachusetts
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Boston Resolutes18871887NCBBL (1887)[34]
Boston Royal GiantsIL (1906)
  • Based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1906
  • Known as Quaker Giants 1906
 [35]
Boston Blues19461946USL (1946)[36]

Michigan
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Detroit Stars (I)19191931Independent (1919)
NNL1 (1920–31)		[22]
Detroit Stars (II)
(See Indianapolis ABCs (II))		19331933NNL2 (1933)
  • Relocated from Indianapolis shortly after opening day 1933
 [14][22]
Detroit Stars (III)19371937NAL (1937)[22]
Detroit Stars (IV) club
  • Detroit Stars (IV) (1954–57)
  • Detroit Clowns (1958)
  • Detroit Stars (IV) (1959)
  • Detroit–New Orleans Stars (1960–61)
 19541961NAL (1954–61)
Detroit Wolves19321932EWL (1932)
  • Only season in existence
 [37]
Page Fence Giants18951898Independent (1895–98)
  • Based in Adrian, Michigan
 [38]

Minnesota
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Minneapolis Keystones
St. Paul Colored Gophers19071911Independent (1907–11)
  • Played as the Twin City Gophers 1911
 [39]
Twin City Colored Giants


Missouri
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Kansas City Monarchs19201965NNL1 (1920–31)
Independent (1932–36)
NAL (1937–61)
Independent (1962–65)
  • Later based in Grand Rapids, MI 1956–65
 [40]
St. Louis Stars (I)19061931Independent (1906–19)
NNL1 (1920–31)
  • Known as St. Louis Giants 1906–21
 [23]
St. Louis Stars (II)19371937NAL (1937)
  • Only season in existence
 [23]
St. Louis Stars (III) club
  • Indianapolis ABCs (III) (1938)
  • St. Louis Stars (III) (1939)
  • New Orleans–St. Louis Stars (1940–41)
  • Harrisburg–St. Louis Stars (1943)
 19381943NAL (1938–41)
NNL2 (1943)
  • Played home games in New Orleans and St. Louis 1940–41
  • Did not field a team for 1942; team merged with New York Black Yankees of NNL
  • Played all home games in Harrisburg; none in St. Louis 1943
 [14][23]

New Jersey
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Bacharach Giants (I)19161929Independent (1916–22)
ECL (1923–28)
ANL (1929)
Cuban Giants1885c. 1915Independent (1885–1906)
NA (1907–09)
Independent (1910–c. 15)
  • Based in Trenton
  • Part of team split after 1896 to form Cuban X-Giants
  • After split, known as Genuine Cuban Giants or Original Cuban Giants
 [41]
Cuban X-Giants18971907Independent (1897–1905)
IL (1906)
NA (1907)
  • Formed via 1896 split of Cuban Giants
  • Based in Trenton
 [42]
Jersey City Colored Athletics
Newark Browns19321932EWL (1932)[43]
Newark Dodgers19331935Independent (1933)
NNL2 (1934–35)
  • Merged with Brooklyn Eagles to become Newark Eagles 1936
  • (See Newark Eagles entry)
 [44]
Newark Eagles club
  • Newark Eagles (1936–48)
  • Houston Eagles (1949–50)
 19361950NNL2 (1936–48)
NAL (1949–50)
  • Formed via 1936 merger of:
Newark Dodgers (1933–35)
Brooklyn Eagles (1935)
 [44]
Newark Stars19261926ECL (1926)[45]

New York
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Brooklyn Eagles19351935NNL2 (1935)
  • Merged with Newark Dodgers to become Newark Eagles 1936
  • (See Newark Eagles entry)
 [44]
Brooklyn Royal Giants19051942Independent (1905–06)
NA (1907–09)
Independent (1910–22)
ECL (1923–27)
Independent (1928–42)
  • Deteriorated to minor league status by the 1930s
 [46]
Harlem Stars
Lincoln Giants19111930Independent (1911–22)
ECL (1923–26)
Independent (1927)
ECL (1928)
ANL (1929)
Independent (1930)
  • Based in New York City
 [47]
Lincoln Stars19141917Independent (1914–17)
  • Based in New York City
 [48]
New York Black Yankees19311959Independent (1931–35)
NNL2 (1936–48)
Independent (1949–59)
  • Known as Harlem Black Bombers 1931
 [49]
New York Cubans19351950NNL2 (1935–36)
NNL2 (1939–48)
NAL (1949–50)
  • Did not field a team 1937–38
 [50]

Ohio
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Akron Black Tyrites19331933NNL2 (1933)
  • Merged/replaced the Columbus Blue Birds mid-season 1933
  • Folded/replaced by the Cleveland Giants for last month of 1933
 [51]
Dayton Marcosc. 1910sc. 1930sIndependent (c. 1910s–19)
NNL1 (1920)
Independent (1921–25)
NNL1 (1926)
Independent (1927–c. 30s)		[52]
Toledo Crawfords
(See Pittsburgh Crawfords)		19391939NAL (1939)[24]
Toledo Rays19451945USL[53]
Toledo Tigers19231923NNL1 (1923)
  • Folded mid-season 1923
 [54]

Cincinnati
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Cincinnati Browns18871887NCBBL (1887)
  • Played no league games due to NCBBL folding
  • Played independent of a league briefly, then folded
Cincinnati Buckeyes
(See Cleveland Buckeyes)		19421942NAL (1942)[26]
Cincinnati Clowns
(See Indianapolis Clowns)		19431945NAL (1943–45)
  • Played home games in Indianapolis and Cincinnati 1944–45
  • Also known as Indianapolis–Cincinnati Clowns 1944–45
Cincinnati Cuban Stars
(See Cuban Stars (West))		19211921NNL1 (1921)
Cincinnati Tigers19341937Independent (1934–36)
NAL (1937)		[55]

Cleveland
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Cleveland Bears
(See Jacksonville Red Caps)		19391940NAL (1939–40)[12]
Cleveland Browns19241924NNL1 (1924)[56]
Cleveland Buckeyes club
  • Cincinnati-Cleveland Buckeyes (1942)
  • Cleveland Buckeyes (1943–48)
  • Louisville Buckeyes (1949)
  • Cleveland Buckeyes (1950)
 19421950NAL (1942–50)
  • Half of 1942 home schedule in Cincinnati, half in Cleveland
  • Disbanded mid-season 1950
 [26]

[57]

Cleveland Cubs
(See Baltimore Elite Giants)		19311931NNL1 (1931)[10]
Cleveland Elites (1926)
Cleveland Hornets (1927)
Cleveland Tigers (1928)		19261928NNL1 (1926–28)
  • Teams are considered separate but closely linked
 [58]
[59]
[60]
Cleveland Giants19331933NNL2 (1933)
  • Formed from remnants of the Akron Black Tyrites for end of 1933
 [61]
Cleveland Red Sox19341934NNL2 (1934)
  • Only season in existence
 [62]
Cleveland Stars19321932EWL (1932)
  • Folded mid-season 1932
 [63]
Cleveland Tate Stars19221923NNL1 (1922-1923)
  • Played as NNL team in 1922, played as associate team in 1923
 [64]

[65]

Columbus
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Columbus Blue Birds19331933NNL2 (1933)
  • Dissolved/merged with Akron Black Tyrites mid-season 1933
 [66]
Columbus Buckeyes19211921NNL1 (1921)
  • Only season in existence
 [67]
Columbus Elite Giants
(See Baltimore Elite Giants)		19351935NNL2 (1935)[10]
Columbus Turfs
(See Louisville Black Caps)		19321932NSL (1932)
  • Relocated from Louisville in August then folded at end of season
 [3]

Oregon
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Portland Rosebuds19461946WCNBL (1946)[68]

Pennsylvania

Harrisburg
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Harrisburg Giants19221927Independent (1922–23)
ECL (1924–27)		[69]
Harrisburg Monrovians
Harrisburg–St. Louis Stars
(See St. Louis Stars (III))		19431943NNL2 (1943)
  • Played all home games in Harrisburg; none in St. Louis
  • Disbanded mid-season 1943
 [23]

Philadelphia
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Active Club of Philadelphia1800s[70]
Anchor Giantsearly 1900s[70]
Bacharach Giants (II)19311942Independent (1931–33)
NNL2 (1934)
Independent (1935–42)
Hilldale Club19161932Independent (1916–22)
ECL (1923–28)
ANL (1929)
Independent (1930–31)
EWL (1932)
  • Also known as Hilldale Daisies, Darby Daisies
  • Based near Philadelphia
 [71]
Philadelphia Pythians18671887Independent (1867–86)
NCBBL (1887)		[72]
Philadelphia Giants19021916Independent (1902–05)
IL (1906)
NA (1907–09)
Independent (1910–16)		[73][74]
Philadelphia Stars19331952Independent (1933)
NNL2 (1934–48)
NAL (1949–52)		[75]
Philadelphia Tigers19281928ECL (1928)[76]

Pittsburgh
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Homestead Grays club
  • Homestead Grays (c. 1912–38)
  • Washington Homestead Grays (1939–c. 50s)
  • Washington Grays (1939–c. 50s)
 c. 1912c. 1950sIndependent (c. 1912–28)
ANL (1929)
Independent (1930–31)
EWL (1932)
Independent (1933–34)
NNL2 (1935–48)
Independent (1949–c. 50s)
  • Based near Pittsburgh
  • Started to split home games with Washington, D.C. 1939
  • Sparingly used Pittsburgh as home field after c. 1948
 [11]
Pittsburgh Crawfords club
  • Pittsburgh Crawfords (1931–38)
  • Toledo Crawfords (1939)
  • Indianapolis Crawfords (1940)
 19311940Independent (1931–32)
NNL2 (1933–38)
NAL (1939–40)		[24]
Pittsburgh Keystones (I)18871887NCBBL (1887)[77]
Pittsburgh Keystones (II)19211922NNL1 (1921–22)[78]

Tennessee
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Chattanooga Black Lookouts19201927NSL (1920, 1926–27)
  • Folded after 1920 season; re-established 1926
  • Minor league farm team for Homestead Grays 1926–27
 [79]
Chattanooga Choo-Choos19401946NSL (1940–46)
Knoxville Giants19201932NSL (1920–22, 1931–32)
  • Folded after 1922 season; re-established 1931
 [80]
Memphis Red Sox19231962Independent (1923)
NNL1 (1924–25, 27–30)
NSL (1926, 31–36)
NAL (1937–62)		[81]
Nashville Elite Giants
(See Baltimore Elite Giants)		19191934Independent (1919–29)
NNL1 (1930)
NSL (1932)
NNL2 (1933–34)
  • Known as Nashville Standard Giants 1919–20
  • Relocated as Cleveland Cubs 1931 then returned to Nashville
 [10]

Texas
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Austin Black Senators
Brenham Merchants
Houston Eagles
(See Newark Eagles)		19491950NAL (1949–50)
  • Folded after 1950 season
 [44][82]
San Antonio Black Bronchos19081909Independent (1908–09)[83]
San Antonio Black Indians

Washington
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Seattle Steelheads19461946WCNBL (1946)[84]

Wisconsin
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
Milwaukee Bears19231923NNL1 (1923)
  • Only year in existence
 [85]

Traveling teams
Team1st YrLast YrAffiliation(s)NotesRef
All Cubans18991905Independent
  • Precursor of Cuban Stars (West)
All Nations19121925Independent
  • Based out of Kansas City MO and Des Moines IA
Chappie Johnson's Stars
Colored House of David
Cuban Stars (East) club
  • New York Cuban Stars (1916–19)
  • Havana Cuban Stars (1920)
  • Cuban Stars (East) (1921–c. 34)
 1916c. 1934Independent (1916–22)
ECL (1923–28)
ANL (1929)
Independent (1930–c. 34)
  • Played road games primarily in the New York and northeast region of the US
Cuban Stars (West) club
  • Cuban Stars of Havana (1906–19)
  • Cincinnati Cuban Stars (1920–21)
  • Cuban Stars (West) (1922–32)
 19061932IL (1906)
NA (1907–09)
Independent (1910–19)
NNL1 (1920–30)
Independent (1931)
EWL (1932)
  • Played road games for its first five years primarily in the eastern states near New York City and Philadelphia
  • By 1916 the team was competing primarily in the northern midwestern states
  • Based in Cincinnati 1920–21 and then returned to playing only road games
Ethiopian Clowns
(See Indianapolis Clowns)		c. 1930s1942Independent (c. 1930s–42)
  • Generally based out of Miami
Mineola Black Spidersc. 1932c. 1937Independent
  • Generally based out of northern Iowa
New York Gorhams18861892Independent (1886)
NCBBL (1887)
Independent (1888–92)
  • Generally based out of various East coast cites from New Jersey to Connecticut
 [86]
Secret Nine19311931Independent [31]
Tennessee Ratsc. 1911c. 1926Independent
  • Generally not considered a Negro league team
  • Based out of Holden MO

References
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  2. Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Birmingham Giants". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  3. "Negro league teams". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  4. "Montgomery Grey Sox". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  5. "Montgomery, Alabama Negro League City Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
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  13. "Atlanta Black Crackers". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  14. "Indianapolis ABCs". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  15. "Chicago American Giants". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
  16. "1945 Chicago Brown Bombers". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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  18. Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Chicago Giants". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
  19. "The Negro League Teams". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  20. "Chicago Union Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  21. "Leland Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  22. "Detroit Stars". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  23. "St. Louis Stars". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  24. "Pittsburgh Crawfords". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
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  26. "Cleveland Buckeyes". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  27. "1887 Louisville Falls City". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
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  34. "1887 Boston Resolutes". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
  35. "1906 Quaker Giants". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
  36. "1946 Boston Blues". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  37. "Detroit Wolves". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  38. "Page Fence Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
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