List of Bollywood films of 1928

1928

Notable films of Indian cinema in 1928:

  • Devdas, a silent film produced by Eastern Films Syndicate, Calcutta, and directed by Naresh Mitra was the first celluloid version of Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay's famous story. It starred Phani Burma as Devdas.[5] It was later to be remade eight more times in Indian Cinema with the most popular version still cited as P. C. Barua’s Devdas in 1935 starring K. L. Saigal.[6]
  • Khoon-e-Nahak was the first Indian screen adaptation of Hamlet. A silent film, it was directed by Athavale based on Mehdi Hasan Ahsan's version of the Hamlet play, written originally for the Parsi theatre.[7]
  • Madhuri directed by Rama Choudhary for the Imperial Film Company, and Anarkali, also called Loves of a Mughal Prince directed by Charu Roy and Prafulla Roy for Great Eastern Corporation, were successful films starring Sulochana (Ruby Myers). Both films were made into Talkie versions later, with Madhuri in 1932 and Anarkali in 1935.[8]
  • Shiraz directed by Franz Osten and produced by Himanshu Rai, was an adaption of the play, Shiraz: A Romance of India written by Niranjan Pal.[9] Starring Rai in the lead role as Shiraz, it has been referred to as "one of the boldest films".[10]
  • Vigathakumaran also called The Lost Child was the first feature length Malayalam film, directed by J. C. Daniel. It was produced by Daniel for his production company Travancore National Pictures.[11]

A-C
TitleDirectorCastGenreNotes
Cinematographer
A Friend In Need a.k.a. Geeta RahasyaK. P. BhaveErmeline, E. Billimoria, J. P. GidwaniImperial Film Company
DOP: A. P. Karandikar
Amrit Ki Zaher a.k.a. Wine And WomanAnand Prasad KapoorZebunisa, Mani, Balahai, PadvalSharda Film Company.
DOP: Naval Bhat
Anarkali a.k.a. The Loves of a Moghul PrinceCharu Roy, Prafulla RoySeeta Devi, Diwan Sharar, Maya Devi, Shakuntala Tembe, Sawan Singh, Rajkumari, Imtiz Ali TajLegend RomanceGreat Eastern Film Corp., Delhi
DOP: Vishnu B. Joshi
Ankh Ka NashaPatience Cooper, Master Mohan, Sharifa, Mohammed Ishaq, Manilal, Sooraj RamSocialMadan Theatres Ltd. Story by Agha Hashar Kashmiri
Balaji NimbalkarDadasaheb PhalkeHistoricalHindustan Cinema Film Company, Nasik
Bhai Ke Kasai a.k.a. His Father's HonourRamakant, GharekhanShanta Kumari, R. N. Vaidya, Jani BabuSocialShree Jagdish Film Co.
DOP: G. G. Gogate
Bishabriksha a.k.a. The Poison TreeJyotish BannerjeeDurgadas Bannerjee, Leelavati, Ahindra Chowdhury, Jaynarayan Mukherjee, Manoranjan Bhattacharya, Tarakbala, Kartik DeySocialMadan Theatres Ltd.
DOP: Jatin Das
Bhakta Damaji a.k.a. Devout DamajiDadasaheb PhalkeBhauro Datar, GotiramDevotionalHindustan Cinema Film Company, Nasik
BhasmasurTarapada SahaDeben MullickMythologyPrativa Cinema Co., Calcutta
DOP: Tarapada Saha
Bhranti a.k.a. MistakeJyotish BannerjeePatience Cooper, Durgadas Bannerjee, Seeta Devi, Satyen, Naresh Mitra, Sailen Chowdhury, Manorama, Tarasundari, Chittaranjan Goswami, Sashimukhi, DanibabuSocialMadan Theatres Ltd.
Brother To Brother a.k.a. Tarunina TarangPrafulla GhoshGulab, Durga, Haridas, Takle, KeshavlalSocialKrishna Film Company
DOP: Gordhanbhai Patel
Celestial Lotus a.k.a. Pandav PatraniNagendra Majumdar, M. BhavaniD. Billimoria, Sulochana (Ruby Myers), Jilloobai, Wagle, PutliFantasyImperial Film Company
DOP: Adi Irani
Chamakti ChandaM. UdwadiaZubeida, Jagtap Jr., Yvonne Wallace,CostumeJagtap Film Co.
DOP: V. B. Jagtap
ChandrahasaKanjibhai RathodHaider Shah, Durga Korgaonkar, P. R. Joshi, Kusum, Sakina, Keshavlal, Athavle, Sultan, Alam, Gangaram, NizamDevotionalKrishna Film Company
DOP: Chaturbhai Patel
Chandravali a.k.a. The Crown of VirtueFatma BegumFatma Begum, Shahzadi, Jani Babu, Yakub, SultanaCostumeVictoria Fatma Film Co.
DOP: V. V. Date
Chatur Kanta a.k.a. Chatur KanyaR. R. Gharekhan, RamakantKumudini, Athavle, RoySocialExcelsior Film Co.
DOP: Ambadas Pawar

D-F
TitleDirectorCastGenreNotes
Cinematographer
Daughters Of Today a.k.a. Prem ParikshaG. K. MehtaMiss Maya, Hiralal, Thomas, Miss Belle Love, Vijay Kumar, E. IsmailSocialLahore-Premier Film Co.
DOP: G. K. Mehta
Destiny Defied a.k.a. Lekh Par MekhHomi MasterPanna, Heera, Noor Mohammed Charlie, Thomas, Gani BabuSocialKohinoor Film Company
DOP: K. G. Gokhale
Detective KumarK. B. AthavaleRampyari, Athavale, Malini, SalviSocialExcelsior Film Company
DOP: D. D. Dabke
Dev Kanya a.k.a. Daughter of GodKanjibhai RathodGulab, Nandram, Lila, P. R. Joshi, VishnuDevotionalKrishna Film Company
DOP: Chaturbhai Patel
DevdasNaresh MitraTinkari Chakraborty, Naresh Mitra, Niharbala, Moni Ghosh, Phani Burma, Miss Light, Rama Devi, Kanaknarayan BhupSocialEastern Film Syndicate, Calcutta
DOP: Nitin Bose
Draupadi Vastra Haran a.k.a. The Royal GamblerParshwanath Yeshwant AltekarDurgabai Koregaonkar, GangoobaiMythologyUnited Pictures Syndicate
Dreamland a.k.a. Swarga ViharManeklal PatelGulab, Rampyari, Gangaram, VishnuFantasyKrishna Film Company
DOP: Chaturbhai Patel
Emperor Ashok a.k.a. Samrat AshokBhagwati MishraZubeida, Madanrai Vakil, Udwadia, Putli, Jilloobai, Asooji, DwarkiHistoricalRoyal Art Studio, Lokmanya Film Co.
Enticement a.k.a. Mayana RangHaribhai Desai, Sundarrao NadkarniZebunisa, Gangoobai, Jairam Desai, Master Bachu, Baburo GadeCostumeSuvarna Pictures
DOP: Pawar
Ex-Husband a.k.a. Soneri JaalGordhandas PatelGulab, NandramCostumeGujrat Studios
Fall Of Pavagadh a.k.a. Pavagadh Nu Patan a.k.a. Goddess MahakaliNagendra MajumdarNavinchandra, Iris Crawford, K. B. Athavale, Zaverbhai KaiserHistoricalProducer: I. K. Yagnik
Fatal Garland a.k.a. Haiyan No HaarBhagwati MishraErmeline, Jamshedji Khansaheb, Madanrai Vakil, Putli, Mazhar KhanSocialImperial Film Company
Fatal Kiss a.k.a. Ekaj ChumbanK. B. AthavaleYakbal, AthavaleSocialExcelsior Film Company
DOP: D. D. Dabke
Father O'mine a.k.a. Pita Ke ParmeshwarRama ChowdhuryElizer, Jamshedji Khansaheb, Putli, Jilloobai, YusufSocialImperial Film Companybr>DOP: Rustom Irani
Foolish Husbands a.k.a. Bharmayalo BhartharNarayan DewareBehram Vasania, Fatma Begum, Faram, JumnaSocialKohinoor Film Company.
DOP: Narayan Deware
Forsaken Love a.k.a. Prem NirashaPesi KaraniHeera, Jumna, Behram Vasania, R. N. VaidyaSocialKohinoor Film Company
DOP:

G-I
TitleDirectorCastGenreNotes
Cinematographer
Ganimi Kawa a.k.a. Guerrilla TacticsN. D. SarpotdarLalita Pawar, Amboo, Durgabai Koregaonkar, Suryakant, Khanderao KondkeHistoricalAryan Film Co.
DOP: Bhal G. Pendharkar
Ghor Pratignya a.k.a. SarojaniHomi MasterHeera, Panna, Jani Babu, Thomas, UshaCostumeKohinoor Film Company
DOP: K. G. Gokhale
GhoshayatraG. V. SaneBhaurao DatarHindustan Cinema Film Co., Nasik
DOP: Shinde
Golden Gang a.k.a. Soneri ToliK. P. BhaveZubeida, Udwadia, JagtapSocialJagtap Film Co.
Grihalaxmi a.k.a. The Daughter-In-LawChandulal ShahGohar, Raja Sandow, VaidyaSocialShree Jagdish Film Co.
DOP: G. G. Gogate, Pandurang S. Naik
Gul BadanHarshadrai MehtaZebunissa, Master VithalCostumeSharda Movietone
DOP: Naval Bhat
Gul SanobarHomi MasterHira, Yakbal, Khalil, Gani BabuFantasyKohinoor Film Company
DOP: K. G. Gokhale
Gulru Zarina a.k.a. Flower-Like ZarinaA. P. KapoorJanibabu, LoboFantasySharda Film Company
DOP: Naval Bhat
Harishchandra a.k.a. Raja HarishchandraN. D. SarpotdarBhaurao Datar, Lalita Pawar, Durgabai Koregaokar, H. Dhodke, Shantaram Sagun, Dattoba Rajwade, P. N. Varne, JhadhavraoMythologyAryan Film Co.
DOP: Y. D. Sarpotdar
Heer RanjahFatma BegumZubeida, Jani Babu, Shahzadi, Fatma BegumLegend RomanceVictoria Fatma Film Co.
Hira SundariA. P. KapoorMaster Vithal, Jani Babu, NirashaSocialSharda Film Company
DOP: Naval Bhat
Hoor-E-Arab a.k.a. Aladdin And The Magic LampRatansha SinorePatience Cooper, Bapuji Punegar, FaridaFantasyImperial Film Company
DOP: Adi Irani
Hoor-E-Baghdad a.k.a. Fairy Of Baghdad a.k.a. Forbidden LoveBhagwati MishraErmeline, Mazhar Khan, W. M. KhanFantasySaraswati Film Company, Imperial Film Company
DOP: Rustom Irani
Ideal Wife a.k.a. Arya MahilaN. D. SarpotdarLalita Pawar, Baburao Athavale, Durgabai Koregaonkar, S. Bhopatkar, P. N. Varne, JadhavraoSocialAryan Film Co.
DOP: Y. D. Sarpotdar
Indulal Advocate a.k.a. Bodku MathuKanjibhai RathodJehangirSocialGujarat Studio

J-L
TitleDirectorCastGenreNotes
Cinematographer
Jagadguru Shrimad Shankaracharya a.k.a. World Teacher ShankaracharyaP. Y. AltekarKeshav Narayan Kale, Ermeline, Jilloobai, P. Y. Altekar, Baburao Sansare, Putli, Gohar, Nazir, Rustom, SakhuDevotionalImperial Film Company
DOP: A. P. Karandikar
Jai BhavaniK. P. BhaveBhonsle, Jagtap, Dabir, DwarkeeHistoricalJagtap Pictures
DOP: M. R. Jagtap
Kamla Kumari a.k.a. Sabur ShahBhagwati MishraMadanrai Vakil, Ermeline, Gohar, YakubLegendImperial Film Company
DOP: Rustom Irani
Kamsena LilavatiYakbal, K. B. Athavale, MaryExcelsior Film Co.
Khoon-E-Nahak a.k.a. HamletK. B. AthavaleRampyari, K. C. Roy, Salvi, YakbalTragedy DramaExcelsior Film Co.
DOP: Ambadas Pawar
Kanak Kanta a.k.a. Navlakha HaarA. P. KapoorMaster Vithal, Meherbanu, Prabhashankar, Ata Mohamed, Lobo, NirashaSocialSharda Film Company
DOP: Chimanlal Luhar
Karna The True Battler a.k.a. Maharathi KarnaBaburao PainterKeshavrao Dhaiber, V. Shantaram, Kamla Devi, Balasaheb Yadav, Nimbalkar, Sushilabai, Nandrekar, Maya, Zunzharrao Pawar, Anasuya, Tukaram MandhereMythologyMaharashtra Film Company
DOP: S. Fatelal
Katil Kathlani a.k.a. La BelleN. MajumdarD. Billimoria, Putli, JilloobaiSocialImperial Film Company
Kelor KirtiSudhansu MustafiBela Rani, Lalu Bose, NiharbalaComedyAurora Film Co., Calcutta
DOP: Debi Ghosh
Kichak Vadha a.k.a. SairandhariBaburao PainterNimbalkarMythologyUnited Pictures Syndicate
Kunji KishoriKanjibhai RathodRampyari, Haider Shah, Gulab, Durga, Nizam, HaridasGujarat Studio
DOP: Chaturbhai Patel
Lady Of The Lake a.k.a. Sarovar Ki SundariRama ChoudharyErmeline, Jilloobai, Zebunisa, Yakub, Elizer, Madanrai Vakil, BaburaoFantasyImperial Film Co.
DOP: Boman Irani
Lakho FullaniLegendRoyal Arts Studio
Love And Romance a.k.a. Mohabbat Ke MusibatM. M. VaidyaSaurashtra Film Co., Rajkot
Lure Of Lust a.k.a. Moh-JaalNirbhoy Thakkar, M. UdwadiaSaurashtra Film Co., Rajkot

M-P
TitleDirectorCastGenreNotes
Cinematographer
MadalsaReligiousHindustan Cinema Film Company
MadhuriRama ChoudharySulochana, (Ruby Myers), D. Billimoria, Vakil, Jilloobai, Madanrai VakilHistoricalImperial Film Company
DOP: Adi Irani, Irani Ardeshir
Magic Valley a.k.a. Maya MahalNanubhai DesaiZebunisa, JanibabuFantasySharda Film Company
DOP: Naval Bhat
Malhari MartandGanpat ShindeBhaurao Datar, Kashibai Pathak, Joshi, ShelarHindustan Cinema Film Co., Nasik
DOP: Telang
Maya MohiniKeshavlal JoshiGulab, Gangaram, Durga, NizamFantasyGujarat Film Company
DOP: Gordhanbhai Patel
Naag PadminiN. G. DewareFatma Begum, Raja Sandow, Yakbal, Thomas, Jumna, NargisDevotionalKohinoor Film Company
DOP: N. G. Deware
Nara Kesari a.k.a. Lion Of MaharashtraK. P. BhaveUdwadia, Nalini, Dwarkee, V. B. JagtapHistoricalJagtap Film Company
DOP: V. B. Jagtap
Neelam Manek a.k.a. The Blue JewelKanjibhai RathodGulab, Rampyari, Asha, Keshavlal, Durga, Chandra, GangaramSocialKrishna Film Company
DOP: Gordhanbhai Patel
Nishiddha Phal a.k.a. Forbidden Fruit Kali Prasad GhoseKali Prasad Ghose, Renubala, Bhanu Bannerjee Sr., Nimai, Nivanani Devi, Prafulla, Renubala, Bhanu Bannerjee Sr., Nimai, Nivanani Devi, Prafulla, Atul Gangopadhyay, Narendranath Singa, Sukriti DeviSocialIndian Kinema Arts, Calcutta
DOP: Noni Gopal Sanyal
Our Hindustan a.k.a. Our India a.k.a. Amru HindustanC. H. ShahShahzadi, Anasuya, Dinshaw Billimoria, TayebElphin Cinema Co.
DOP: C. H. Shah
Padmalata a.k.a. Lily In The MudD. A. DandekarNandram, Lila, P. R. Joshi, Salma Nizam, GangaramCostumeGujrat Studios
DOP: Gordhanbhai Patel
Pataal Padmini a.k.a. The Beauty From HellHarshadrai MehtaZebunisa, Nandram, Jani Babu, Joshi, NirashaFantasySharda Film Company
DOP: Chimanlal Luhar
Patel KetuK. P. BhaveTara, Keshav Narayan Kale, Rustom Irani, Sakhu, JamshedjiImperial Film Company
Pauper PrincessRamakant, GharekhanMohini, Jai Kishan Nanda, Mary, Roy, Baba VyasCostumeJagdish Film Co.
DOP: G. G. Gogate
ParshuramDasaheb PhalkeMythologyHindustan Cinema Film Company
Prisoners Of Love a.k.a. Raj TarangHarshadrai MehtaMaster Vithal, Zebunisa, Prabhashankar, Alibux, LoboCostumeSharda Film Company
DOP: Chimanlal Luhar
Puran BhagatPesi KaraniErmeline, Rustom, Sakhu, Jilloobai, Khansaheb, Gohar Jr. JamhedjiDevotionalImperial Film Company
DOP: Rustom Irani

R-S
TitleDirectorCastGenreNotes
Cinematographer
Raj Kumar a.k.a. Raj KunwarKrishnabaiNew India Film Company, Nasik
Ram Rajya ViyogaReligiousHindustan Cinema Film Company, Nasik
Roop Basant a.k.a. Madan Mohana a.k.a. Beautiful WomanHaribhai DesaiMaster Bachu, Miss Mohna, Baburao Gade, Wmanrao, D. N. Potdar, Gangoobai, Jairam, FaymaCostumeSuvarna Pictures D. B. Chauhan
Rukmani HaranMythologyHindustan Cinema Film Company, Nasik
Sainted Devil a.k.a. Ek AblaBhagwati Prasad MishraErmeline, Asoobhai, Putli, Misra, Jillo Bai, J. Rustom Irani, Ghory, Bhagwati Mishra, YusufSocialImperial Film Co.
Sarla a.k.a. SaralaAmritlal Bose, Priyanath GangulySeeta Devi, Durgadas Bandyopadhyay, Rani Sundari, Naresh Mitra, Chittaranjan Goswami, Sailen Chowdhury, Manorama, Prabodh BoseSocialMadan Theatres Ltd.
DOP: Jatin Das
Sassi Punnu a.k.a. Sassi PunhuHarshad Rai MehtaMaster Vithal, Zebunisa, Mani, A. P. Kapoor, LoboLegend RomanceSharda Film Co.
DOP: Chimanlal Luhar
Sati PingalaG. V. SaneBhaurao Datar, Gangubai MohiteDevotionalHindustan Cinema Film Company, Nasik
Second Wife a.k.a. Punarlagna Ni PatniNagendra MazumdarMehtab, Yusuf, Salvi, GanguSocialKaiser-E-Hind Film Co.
Shamsher PratignaR. N. Vaidya, Jamnadas SubedarKumudini, R. N. Vaidya, Baba Vyas, GhanshyamCostumeShree Jagdish Film Co. D. D. Dabke
Shasti Ki ShantiJyotish BanerjeeNath Ghosh, Ahindra Chowdhary, Tara Sundari, Durgadas Bannerjee, Danibabu, Jainarayan Mukherjee, Tarasundari, Prabavathi, Prabavathi, Kartik Dey, Kantibhusan Bandyopadhyay Tulsi BanerjiSocialMadan Theatres Ltd.
Shree Dwarkadheesh a.k.a. Shri DwarkadhishRamakant Rangnath, GharekhanPramoth Bose, Kadambari, Ghanshyam, Baba Vyas, RoyDevotionalShree Jagdish Film Co.
Shree Krishna ShishtaiDadasaheb PhalkeReligiousHindustan Cinema Film Company, Nasik
Silver Cloud a.k.a. Varachat VidhwaManeklal JoshiRampyari, Salvi, KumudiniSociaExcelsior Film Co.
DOP: Ambadas Pawar
Sneh Jyoti a.k.a. Love FlameRaja Sandow, R. N. VaidyaPutli, Raja Sandow, Shanta Kumari, Baba Vyas, Dabir, Ghanshyam, R. N. VaidyaShree Jagdish Film Co
DOP: Pandurang S. Naik
Soni MahiwalAnand Prasad KapoorMaster Vithal, Zebunisa, Mani, HimmatLegend RomanceSharda Film Co.
DOP: Chimanlal Luhar
SudarshanDadasaheb PhalkeReligiousHindustan Cinema Film Company, Nasik

T-Z
TitleDirectorCastGenreNotes
Cinematographer
The Love FlameNanubhai VakilShanta Kumari, Putli, Raja SandowSocialJagdish Film Co.
Traitor a.k.a. Namak HaramN. D. SarpotdarMeera, P. N. Varne, Durgabai Korgaonkar, Dattoba Rajwade, JadhavHistoricalAryan Film Co.
Udan Tappu a.k.a. VagabondN. D. SarpotdarDattoba Rajwade, Durgabai Korgaonkar, Krishnaji Ghanekar, P. N. Varne, Hansa, Jadhavrao, DasSocialAryan Film Co.
DOP: Y. D. Sarpotdar
Up-To-Date a.k.a. Akalna BardanPrafulla GhoshGulab, Noor Mohammad Charlie, Wadilal, Sandow, JehangirSocialKrishna Film Company
DOP: Chaturbhai Patel, Gordhanbhai Patel
Vasant Leela a.k.a. Sons Of The RichN. G. Deware (Narayan Deware)Shakuntala Tembe, Fram Sethna, Jal Balsara, Noor Mohammed Charlie, Raja Babu, Panna, Siraj, Fatma Jr.SocialArtistic Pictures (JBH Wadia)
DOP: Gajanan S. Devare
VasavdattaNagendra MazumdarPutli, Jani Babu, AthavleHistoricalKaiser-E-Hind Film Co.
Veer RamaniCostumeAlexandra Film Company
VeeranganaHomi MasterKhalil, Yakbal, Shivabai, HeeraCostumeKohinoor Film Company
DOP: K. G. Gokhale
Vengeance a.k.a. Raj RangBhagwati Prasad MishraSulochana, Jillo Bai, D. Bilimoria, Elizer, JamshedjiSocial ActionImperial Film Co.
DOP: Rustom Irani
Vigathakumaram a.k.a. The Lost ChildJ. C. DanielJ. C. DanielSocialFirst Malayalam feature film. J. C. Daniel
Vile Woman a.k.a. Kal Ratri Nu Khooni KhanjarK. RathorRampyari, Haider Shah, Gulab, Nandram, VishnuCostumeKrishna Film Co.
DOP: Chaturbhai Patel
Vishwamohini a.k.a. The EnchantressChandulal ShahGohar, Meena Devi, Raja Sandow, Vaidya, E. BilimoriaSocialShree Jagdish Film Co.
DOP: Pandurang S. Naik
Wife And The Vampire a.k.a. Prem Ane Vaasna a.k.a. Sansar NaukaLalitarai VyasBritish India Film Co., Saurashtra Film Co., Rajkot
Wine Of Youth a.k.a. Saundarya SuraHarshad Rai MehtaMaster Vithal, Mani, A. P. Kapoor, LoboSocialSharda Film Co.
DOP: Chimanlal Luhar
Wise Fool a.k.a. Madan ManjariPesi KaraniErmeline, Jamshedji, Dinkar, Tara, Asooji, KhanCostumeImperial Film Co.

References
  1. "Year-1928". indiancine.ma. Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  2. "Database". citwf.com. Alan Goble. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  3. "SilentFilms 1928". gomolo.com. Gomolo. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  4. "Cinema History 1928". businessofcinema.com. Businessofcinema.com. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  5. Ashish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen; Professor of Critical Studies Paul Willemen (10 July 2014). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Routledge. pp. 250–. ISBN 978-1-135-94318-9. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  6. "The many avatars". India Today. 20 May 2002. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  7. Manju Jain (2009). Narratives of Indian Cinema. Primus Books. pp. 230–. ISBN 978-81-908918-4-4. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  8. "Silent Star-Sulochana". indiaheritage.org. IndiaHeritage.org. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  9. "Shiraz 1928". silentfilm.org. San Francisco Silent Film Festival. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  10. "Hooray for Bollywood: 100 years of Indian Cinema". independent.co.uk. independent.co.uk. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  11. "Vigathakumaram 1928". cinemaofmalayalam.net. Cinemaofmalayalam.net. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
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