Last of the Romans
The term Last of the Romans (Latin: Ultimus Romanorum) has historically been used to describe a person thought to embody the values of ancient Roman civilization – values which, by implication, became extinct on his death. It has been used to describe a number of individuals. The first recorded instance was Julius Caesar's description of Marcus Junius Brutus as the one with whom the old Roman spirit would become extinct.
Valens, 66th Roman emperor
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Justinian the Great, Byzantine Emperor
Pope Gregory I, Saint and Pope
List of people described as the "Last of the Romans"
- Gaius Cassius Longinus (d. 42 BC), so called by Brutus and by the ancient historian Aulus Cremutius Cordus.
- Gaius Asinius Pollio (75 BC – AD 4), one of the last great orators and writers of the Roman Republic.
- Valentinian I (321–375), the last Western Emperor to campaign extensively on both sides of the Rhine and Danube frontiers.[1]
- Valens (328–378), "the Last True Roman" [2] Eastern Emperor (and brother of Valentinian I) who led his army to a catastrophic defeat in the Battle of Adrianople.
- Stilicho, a powerful Vandalic-Roman general in the early 5th century.[3] Also called "the last of the Roman generals" in Chapter XXX of Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.[4]
- Flavius Aëtius (396?–454), a general in the late Western Roman Empire who defended the Gauls against the Franks and other barbarians, and defeated Attila in the Catalaunian Fields near Châlons, in 451. So called by Procopius.[3]
- Count Boniface (died 432), a general in the late Western Roman Empire. Rival of Flavius Aëtius. So called by Procopius.[3]
- Galla Placidia (388-450), empress consort to Constantius III and mother of Valentinian III, she was "the last Roman empress"[5] and de facto ruler of the Western Roman Empire from 425-437.
- Majorian (420–461), Roman Emperor between 457 and 461. He was the last emperor universally recognized as the de facto ruler of the entire western empire, briefly reconquering most of the lost territories in Gaul and Hispania [6].
- Ambrosius Aurelianus (5th century), a Romano-British military commander against the Anglo-Saxon invasion. So called by Gildas.[7]
- Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (480–525?), one of the last great philosophers of Rome. He was regarded as last of the Romans and first of the medieval scholastics by Martin Grabmann.[8]
- Gildas (fl. early 6th century), Romano-British clergyman and writer.[9]
- Justinian I "the Great" (482?–565), second of the Justinian Dynasty, and probably the last Byzantine emperor to speak Latin as a first language.[10]
- Flavius Belisarius (505?–565), a widely acclaimed general of the Byzantine Empire under Justinian, known for his reconquest of portions of the Western Empire.[11][12]
- Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (c. 485 – c. 580), Roman statesman and writer.[13]
- Gregory the Great (540?–604), an influential Pope and native to Rome.[14]
- Desiderius of Cahors (580?–655), Gallo-Roman aristocrat and bishop.[15]
In England
- William Congreve, called "Ultimus Romanorum" by Alexander Pope.[3]
- Samuel Johnson, called "Ultimus Romanorum" by Thomas Carlyle.[16]
In the United States
In the United States, "last of the Romans" was used on numerous occasions during the early 19th century as an epithet for the political leaders and statesmen who participated in the American Revolution by signing the United States Declaration of Independence, taking part in the American Revolutionary War, or established the United States Constitution.[17]
List of rulers who, in a more literal sense, also could be described as "Last of the Romans"
- Romulus Augustulus (deposed 476), the last de facto Western Roman Emperor.
- Julius Nepos (died 480), the last de jure Western Roman Emperor.
- Ovida (?–480) the last Roman commander in Illyricum, defeated and killed by Odoacer.
- Syagrius (430–486/487), the last Roman commander in Gaul (referred to by Gregory of Tours as "King of the Romans") before the invasion of the Franks.[18]
- Constantine VI (r. 780–797), last emperor to be recognized universally as Roman Emperor during his own time
- Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (died 1282), the last Prince of the Kingdom of Gwynedd, the last post-Roman (Romano-British) successor state to fall in the West.[19]
- Constantine XI Paleologus (died 1453), the last Eastern Roman Emperor.
- David II Komnenos (died 1463), final emperor of Trebizond and de facto final Roman Emperor after Constantine XI.
References
- "Valentinian I: The last of the triumphant Roman emperors in the west". 31 October 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- Grant, Madison (2013). Conquest of a Continent. Paris: Wermod and Wermod Publishing Group. p. 46. ISBN 9781909606012.
- Brewer, E. Cobham (1898). Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.
- dga471, Author (22 June 2016). "Gibbon, Part 4: Theodosius and the Last Roman General". Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- Sivan, Hagith (2011). Galla Placidia: The Last Roman Empress. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195379136.
- http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=146334
- "Britannia EBK Articles: Generations of Ambrosius Part 1". Britannia.com. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- "Boethius and the Middle Ages". Hottopos.com. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- Kerlouégan, François (1987). Le De Excidio Britanniae de Gildas. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne. p. 579.
- Wickham, Chris (2009). The Inheritance of Rome. Penguin Books. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-670-02098-0.
- Otto, Nadine (2 January 2018). ""Book of the Month" January 2018". Tredition.com. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- Hughes, Ian (2009). Belisarius: The Last Roman General. South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 9781844158331.
- "The Last of the Romans: Cassiodorus between Rome, Ravenna and Constantinople - Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies". Cems.ceu.edu. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- "Message for the 14th centenary of the death of Pope St Gregory the Great". The Vatican. 22 October 2003.
- Mathisen, Ralph W. (2013). Desiderius of Cahors: Last of the Romans (part of "Gallien in Spätantike und Frühmittelalter" conference proceedings). De Gruyter. p. 455. ISBN 3110260778.
- Carlyle, Thomas (1840). On Heroes, Hero-worship, and the Heroic in History.
- Elizabeth Fox-Genovese; Eugene D. Genovese (2005). The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders' Worldview. Cambridge University Press. p. 278.
- Pocock, J.G.A. (2015). Barbarism and Religion: Volume 6, Barbarism: Triumph in the West. Cambridge University Press. p. 461. ISBN 1316300307.
- Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2000). Why Did the Anglo-Saxons Not Become More British. Oxford: Trinity College.
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