Kozara Offensive
The Kozara Offensive, also known as Operation West-Bosnien by the Axis, was fought in 1942 on and around the mountain of Kozara in northwestern Bosnia. It was an important battle of the Yugoslav Partisan resistance movement in World War II. It later became an integral part of Yugoslav post-war mythology, which celebrated the courage and martyrdom of outnumbered and outgunned Partisans and civilians.[4] Certain sources mistakenly identify the Kozara Offensive as part of Operation Trio.
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In the spring of 1942, Yugoslav Partisans in central and west Bosnia liberated Bosanski Petrovac, Drvar, Glamoč and Prijedor. On 20 May the 1st Krajina Assault Brigade was founded, and the next day it obtained tanks and a modest air force. The free territory stretched from the river Sava south across the mountains Kozara and Grmeč. During the winter, Partisans inflicted heavy casualties on the Germans. A great loss for the Partisans was the death of their capable and distinguished commander, Mladen Stojanović, known as "Komandant Mladen", who was killed in March 1942 by the Chetniks under Rade Radić.
The German and Ustaše authorities realized that the city of Banja Luka and the iron mine in Ljubija were in danger and organized an offensive to destroy the movement. The Germans engaged 15,000 soldiers, the Independent State of Croatia about 21,000 soldiers, the Chetniks about 2,000 soldiers,[5] and the Hungarians participated with 5 monitor ships. The Partisan group had about 3,000 soldiers, but recruited reserves from the 60,000 civilians in the free territory.
After an intensive battle on the night of 3 July, some partisan units broke the siege, but the main group again came under siege the next night and was mostly destroyed. In Široka Luka about 500 wounded Partisans were killed. It is estimated that during the battle, the Partisans lost about 1,700 soldiers, while the Axis forces lost about 7,000. During and after the battle, many thousands of Serbian civilians from Kozara were sent to the Ustaše Jasenovac concentration camp. About 900 Partisan soldiers survived and founded the Fifth Krajina Brigade. At the same time, the main Partisan group with Josip Broz Tito moved from East Bosnia to West Bosnia. After the Axis offensive forces withdrew, parts of the lost area were regained in September 1942. Approximately 25,000 Serbs were killed in the operation, mostly in concentration camps.[3] During German military operation large group of mostly civilians was captured, 10,000 of them were brought from Kozara to Sajmište concentration camp.[6]
See also
- Yugoslav Partisans
- World War II in Yugoslavia
- Army of the Independent State of Croatia
- Chetniks
- Military history of Croatia
- Resistance during World War II
- Anti-partisan operations in World War II
- Kozara National Park
- Kozara (film), 1962 Yugoslav partisan film
Footnotes
- Redžić, Enver (2005). Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War. p. 215.
- Battle of Kozara Memorial
- Bosworth, R.J.B. (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Fascism. Oxford University Press. p. 431. ISBN 978-0-19-929131-1.
- Gilbert, Andrew (2008). Foreign Authority and the Politics of Impartiality in Postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina. Routledge. p. 29.
- Hoare 2006, p. 272.
- Byford, Jovan; (2011) Staro sajmište: mesto sećanja, zaborava i sporenja. Beogradski centar za ljudska prava p. 45; ISBN 978-86-7202-131-8
References
- Krzak, Andrzej (2010). "Guerilla Operations in Yugoslavia on the Basis of the Battle of Kozara". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 23 (3): 477–89. doi:10.1080/13518046.2010.503150.
- Hoare, Marko Attila (2006). Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-726380-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Further reading
- Miletić, Antun (1977). "Neke mere i dejstva Vermahta na Kozari 1941-1942. godine" (PDF) (in Serbian). Retrieved 1 October 2017.
