Kiki Camarena

Enrique S. "Kiki" Camarena Salazar (July 26, 1947 – February 9, 1985) was a Mexican-American undercover agent for the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) who was abducted on February 7, 1985, and then tortured and murdered while on assignment in Mexico. Some Mexican journalists, historians, and witnesses,(including former CIA agents), state that Camarena was killed with the complicity of the CIA after uncovering its drug trafficking operations in Mexico, used to fund the Contras in Nicaragua, though this theory may be considered inconclusive.

This article uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Camarena and the second or maternal family name is Salazar.
Enrique Camarena Salazar
Birth nameEnrique Camarena Salazar
Nickname(s)"Kike" (also spelled Quique) (Spanish),[1] "Kiki" (English)[2]
Born(1947-07-26)July 26, 1947
Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
DiedFebruary 9, 1985(1985-02-09) (aged 37)
Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Allegiance United States
Service/branch United States Marine Corps (1972–1974)
Drug Enforcement Administration (1975–1985)
Calexico Police Department 1975–1977
RankSenior Police Officer II (Calexico Police Dept.)

Special Agent (ICNTF)

Special Agent (DEA)

Early life and education

Enrique Camarena Salazar was born on July 26, 1947 in Mexicali, Mexico. Camarena attended Calexico High School in Calexico, California, until he graduated in 1966.[3] From 1972 to 1974, Camarena served in the United States Marine Corps. After his military service he became a police officer in his hometown, Calexico Police Department. Camarena was also a Special Agent on the original Imperial County Narcotic Task Force (ICNTF) while working in Calexico.

Camarena first joined the DEA at its Calexico, California office in 1975. In 1977, Camarena moved to the agency's Fresno office, and in 1981, he was assigned to their Guadalajara office in Mexico.

Abduction and murder

In 1984, acting on information from the DEA, 450 Mexican soldiers backed by helicopters destroyed a 1,000-hectare (2,500-acre) marijuana plantation in Allende (Chihuahua)[4][5] with an estimated annual production of $8 billion known as "Rancho Búfalo".[6][7] Camarena, who was suspected of being the source of the information, was abducted in broad daylight on February 7, 1985, by corrupt Mexican officials working for the major drug traffickers in Mexico.

Camarena was taken to a residence located at 881 Lope de Vega in the colonia of Jardines del Bosque, in the western section of the city of Guadalajara, owned by Rafael Caro Quintero,[8] where he was tortured over a 30-hour period and then murdered. His skull was punctured by a metal object, and his ribs were broken.[9] Camarena's body was found wrapped in plastic in a rural area outside the small town of La Angostura, in the state of Michoacán, on March 5, 1985.[10]

Investigation

Camarena's torture and murder prompted a swift reaction from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and launched Operation Leyenda (legend), the largest DEA homicide investigation ever undertaken.[7][11] A special unit was dispatched to coordinate the investigation in Mexico, where government officials were implicated—including Manuel Ibarra Herrera, past director of Mexican Federal Judicial Police, and Miguel Aldana Ibarra, the former director of Interpol in Mexico.[12]

Investigators soon identified Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo and his two close associates, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo and Rafael Caro Quintero, as the primary suspects in the kidnapping. Under pressure from the U.S. government, Mexican President Miguel de la Madrid quickly apprehended Carillo and Quintero, but Félix Gallardo still enjoyed political protection.[7]

The United States government pursued a lengthy investigation of Camarena's murder. Due to the difficulty of extraditing Mexican citizens, the DEA went as far as to detain two suspects, Humberto Álvarez Machaín, the physician who allegedly prolonged Camarena's life so the torture could continue, and Javier Vásquez Velasco; both were taken by bounty hunters to the United States.

Despite vigorous protests from the Mexican government, Álvarez was brought to trial in Los Angeles, in 1992. After the government presented its case, the judge ruled that there was insufficient evidence to support a guilty verdict and ordered Álvarez's release. Álvarez subsequently initiated a civil suit against the U.S. government, charging that his arrest had breached the U.S.–Mexico extradition treaty. The case eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that Álvarez was not entitled to relief.[13] The four other defendants, Vásquez Velasco, Juan Ramón Matta-Ballesteros, Juan José Bernabé Ramírez, and Rubén Zuno Arce (a brother-in-law of former President Luis Echeverría), were tried and found guilty of Camarena's kidnapping.[14]

Zuno had known ties to corrupt Mexican officials,[15] and Mexican officials were implicated in covering up the murder.[16] Mexican police had destroyed evidence on Camarena's body.[17]

Role of the CIA

One year before Camarena was killed, Mexican journalist Manuel Buendía was assassinated in Mexico City.[18] Some journalists and historians have concluded that the killings of Buendía and Camarena were linked, since both discovered that the US Central Intelligence Agency was using Mexican and Central American drug traffickers to import "cocaine into the U.S. and [facilitate] the movement of arms to the contras."[18][19] Professor Wil Pansters writes,

Since the overriding concern of the CIA was the anti-Sandinista project, it trumped the DEA's task of combating drug trafficking, and covertly incorporated (or pressured) parts of the Mexican state into subservience. Buendía had found out about the CIA-contra-drugs-DFS connection, which seriously questioned Mexican sovereignty, while Camarena learned that the CIA had infiltrated the DEA and sabotaged its work so as to interfere with the clandestine contra-DFS-traffickers network. They knew too much and were eliminated on the orders of the U.S. with Mexican complicity. Later official investigations attempted to limit criminal responsibility to the dirty connections between drug traffickers, secret agents and corrupt police, leaving out the (geo)political ramifications.[18]

Historians Russell and Sylvia Barley have written that Camarena and Buendía were both killed because they discovered that the CIA trafficked drugs to support the Contras.[20] They conclude,

The preponderance of evidence... persuades us beyond any reasonable doubt that [journalist] Manuel Buendía was slain on behalf of the United States because of what he had learned about U.S.-Mexico collusion with narcotics traffickers, international arms dealers, and other governments in support of Reagan administration efforts to overthrow the Sandinista government of Nicaragua. Camarena was... killed for the same reason.[20]

Hector Berrellez, the DEA agent who supervised the task force investigating Camarena's murder, has long maintained that the CIA was involved in Camarena's killing.[21] Former cartel kingpins told USA Today that a DEA official and CIA operative participated in meetings with the cartel where Camarena's abduction was discussed.[21]

In 2019, the United States Department of Justice began reinvestigating Camarena's murder.[21][22] A spokesman for the CIA has declined to comment on the case.[21]

Legacy

In November 1988, TIME magazine featured Camarena on the cover.[23] Camarena received numerous awards while with the DEA, and he posthumously received the Administrator's Award of Honor, the highest award given by the organization.[2] In Fresno, the DEA hosts a yearly golf tournament named after him.[2] A school, a library and a street in his home town of Calexico, California, are named after him.[2] Enrique Camarena Junior High School of the Calexico Unified School District opened in 2006.[24] Additionally Enrique Camarena Elementary School in Mission, Texas, of the La Joya Independent School District, is named after him and had its dedication ceremony in 2006.[25] The nationwide annual Red Ribbon Week, which teaches school children and youths to avoid drug use, was established in his memory.[2]

In 2004, the Enrique S. Camarena Foundation was established in Camarena's memory.[26] Camarena's wife Mika and son Enrique Jr. serve on the all-volunteer Board of Directors together with former DEA agents, law enforcement personnel, family and friends of Camarena's, and others who share their commitment to alcohol, tobacco and other drug and violence prevention. As part of their ongoing Drug Awareness program, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks awards an annual Enrique Camarena Award at local, state and national levels to a member of law enforcement who carries out anti-drugs work.[27]

In 2004, the Calexico Police Department erected a memorial dedicated to Camarena. The memorial is located in the halls of the department, where Camarena served.

Several books have been written on the subject. Camarena is the subject of the book ¿O Plata o Plomo? The abduction and murder of DEA Agent Enrique Camarena (2005), by retired DEA Resident Agent in Charge James H. Kuykendall.[28] Roberto Saviano's non-fiction book Zero Zero Zero (2015) deals in part with Camarena's undercover work and his eventual fate.

Personal life

Camarena and his wife Mika had three sons.[29]

Media depictions

Drug Wars: The Camarena Story (1990) is a U.S television mini-series about Camarena, starring Treat Williams and Steven Bauer.

Heroes Under Fire: Righteous Vendetta (2005)[30] is a History Channel documentary that chronicles the events associated with and features interviews with family members, DEA agents, and others involved in the investigation.

In the Netflix drama Narcos, Camarena's death and its aftermath are recapped in news footage in the first season episode "The Men of Always". The first season of the spin-off series Narcos: Mexico is dedicated entirely to the Camarena story from his arrival to Mexico through his career there and the eventual murder. He is played by American actor Michael Peña.

Miss Bala (2011) is a Mexican film that portrays a fictionalized version of "Kike Cámara"'s murder.[31]

See also

References
  1. Sifuentes, Hervey. "Proclamarán Semana del Listón Rojo en honor a 'Kike' Camarena". Zócalo Saltillo. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  2. "Kiki and the History of Red Ribbon Week". Drug Enforcement Administration. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  3. "Kiki and the History of Red Ribbon Week". www.dea.gov. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  4. "SE CUMPLEN 32 AÑOS DEL HISTÓRICO GOLPE AL NARCOTRAFICO EN BÚFALO". elmonitorparral.com.
  5. Juárez, El Diario de. "Chihuahua: la huella de Caro Quintero - El Diario". El Diario de Juárez.
  6. Gorman, Peter. "Big-time Smuggler's Blues" Archived 2012-04-05 at the Wayback Machine. Cannabis Culture. Thursday June 15, 2006.
  7. Beith, Malcolm (2010). The Last Narco. New York, New York: Grove Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8021-1952-0.
  8. "The death house on Lope de Vega", MGR - the Mexico Gulf Reporter, 2013
  9. Seper, J. (May 5, 2010). Brutal DEA agent murder reminder of agency priority. Washington Times archive. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
  10. Orme Jr., William A. (March 7, 1985). "Body of DEA Agent Is Found in Mexico". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  11. "Camarena Investigation Leads to Operation Leyenda" (PDF). A Tradition of Excellence, History:1985–1990. DEA. January 15, 2009. p. 64. Archived from the original (PDF 1.73MB) on 2013-01-24. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  12. Weinstein, Henry (1 February 1990). "2 Ex-Officials in Mexico Indicted in Camarena Murder : Narcotics: One-time high-ranking lawmen are alleged to have participated in the 1985 slaying. So far, 19 people have been charged in the drug agent's death". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  13. Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692 (2004)
  14. "Bodyguard Is Convicted in Case with Links to Drug Agent's Death". The New York Times. August 7, 1990.
  15. "Central Figure Is Convicted in '85 Killing of Drug Agent". The New York Times. August 1, 1990.
  16. "Thirty Years of America's Drug War". Frontline. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  17. "Interviews - Jack Lawn - Drug Wars". Frontline. PBS. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  18. Pansters, Wil (2017). "Spies, Assassins, and Statesmen in Mexico's Cold War". Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe (103): 143–155. doi:10.18352/erlacs.10245. JSTOR 90012018.
  19. Bowden, Charles; Molloy, Molly (7 April 2015). "Bowden: How the CIA may have tortured one of America's own". Tucson Sentinel. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  20. Bartley, Russell; Bartley, Sylvia (2015). Eclipse of the Assassins. The CIA, Imperial Politics, and the Slaying of Mexican Journalist Manuel Buendía. University of Wisconsin Press.pp.171, 402–403, 413.
  21. Heath, Brad (28 February 2020). "Killed by a cartel. Betrayed by his own? US reexamines murder of federal agent featured in 'Narcos'". USA Today. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  22. Norman, Greg (28 February 2020). "US probing claims that CIA operative, DEA official betrayal led to murder of agent: report". Fox News. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  23. "TIME Magazine -- U.S. Edition -- November 7, 1988 Vol. 132 No. 19". Retrieved 2018-11-23.
  24. "About Us". Enrique Camarena Junior High School. Retrieved 2020-04-21. - see PDF about Kiki Camarena
  25. "Elementary School in Texas Named in Honor of Enrique "Kiki" Camarena". Drug Enforcement Administration. 2006-12-18. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  26. "Enrique S. Camarena Foundation". Camarenafoundation.org. February 7, 2010. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  28. ¿O Plata o Plomo? The abduction and murder of DEA Agent Enrique Camarena. silverorlead.com.
  29. Bell, Diane (2010-03-14). "Diane Bell talks to Geneva Camarena". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  30. Hes Under Fire: Righteous Vendetta. A&E TV. March 11, 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11.
  31. "'Miss Bala': The Mexican Oscar entry now in DVD". Yahoo.com.

Further reading
  • Andreas Lowenfeld, "Mexico and the United States, an Undiplomatic Murder", in Economist, 30 March 1985.
  • Andreas Lowenfeld, "Kidnapping by Government Order: A Follow-Up", in American Journal of International Law 84 (July 1990): 712–716.
  • U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Drug Enforcement Administration Reauthorization for Fiscal Year 1986: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Crime. May 1, 1985 (1986).
  • Desperados: Latin Drug Lords, Lawmen, and the War America Can't Win; Elaine Shannon, 1988.
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