Joust (video game)

Joust is an arcade game developed by Williams Electronics and released in 1982. It popularized the concept of two-player cooperative gameplay by being more successful at it than its predecessors. The player uses a button and joystick to control a knight riding a flying ostrich. The objective is to progress through levels by defeating waves of enemy knights riding buzzards.

Joust
Arcade flyer for Joust. Pictured is a player in front of the arcade cabinet.
Developer(s)Williams Electronics
Publisher(s)Williams Electronics
Designer(s)John Newcomer
Programmer(s)Bill Pfutzenreuter
Artist(s)Jan Hendricks
Python Anghelo
Composer(s)Tim Murphy
John Kotlarik (sounds)
Platform(s)Arcade, Apple II, Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari 7800, Atari 8-bit, Lynx, Atari ST, IBM PC, Macintosh, NES
ReleaseJuly 16, 1982
Genre(s)Action/Platform
Mode(s)Up to 2 players simultaneously
CabinetUpright, cocktail
DisplayHorizontal, Raster, standard resolution
(Used: 292 x 240)
19 inch

John Newcomer led the development team, which included Bill Pfutzenreuter, Janice Woldenberg-Miller (former surname: Hendricks), Python Anghelo, Tim Murphy, and John Kotlarik. Newcomer aimed to create a flying game with cooperative two-player gameplay, while avoiding the popular space theme.

The game was well received in arcades and by critics, who praised the gameplay, the mechanics of which influenced other developers. Joust was followed by a sequel four years later, and was ported to numerous home and portable platforms.

Gameplay
The player navigates the yellow knight (top center) around the game world to defeat the enemy knights. Scores are kept track in the center portion of the bottom platform

Joust is a platforming game where the player controls a yellow knight riding a flying ostrich from a third-person perspective. The player navigates the protagonist around the game world, which consists of rock platforms floating above a flat island surrounded by lava, via two-way joystick and a button. Home console versions, however, use game controllers with directional pads and analog sticks. The joystick controls the horizontal direction that the knight travels, while pressing the button makes the ostrich flap its wings. The rate at which the player repeatedly presses the button causes the ostrich to fly upward, hover, or slowly descend. When traveling off the screen to either side, the player will continue its path reappearing from the opposite side.[1][2]

The objective is to defeat groups of enemy knights riding buzzards that populate each level, referred to as a "wave". Upon completing a wave, a subsequent, more challenging one will begin. Players pilot the knight to collide with enemies. The higher of two jousting lances is the winner, whereas a collision of equal height repels the characters apart. A defeated enemy will turn into an egg that falls toward the bottom of the screen, which a player can collect for points. If the player does not collect the egg, it will hatch into a new knight that gains a new mount and must be defeated again. The game features three type of enemy knights—Bounder, Hunter, and Shadow Lord—that are separate colors and are worth different amounts of points. A pterodactyl will appear after a predetermined time frame to hunt the hero. An indestructible Lava Troll will grab any character flying too low over the lava and drags them into the lava. A second player can join the game, controlling a blue knight on a stork. The two players cooperatively complete the waves, optionally attacking each other.[1][2]

Development

Joust was developed by Williams Electronics, with John Newcomer as the lead designer. The development also included programmer Bill Pfutzenrueter, artists Janice Woldenberg-Miller and Python Anghelo, and audio designers Tim Murphy and John Kotlarik handled the audio design.[3] The game features amplified monaural sound and raster graphics on a 19-inch color CRT monitor.[4] Like other Williams arcade games, Joust was programmed in assembly language.[5] A pack of three AA batteries provide power to save the game's settings and high scores when the machine is unplugged from an electrical outlet.[6][7] Anghelo stenciled the cabinet artwork on a wooden frame,[3][6] and designed artwork for promotional materials.[3] One such flyer features archaic English, which was also incorporated into the game's onscreen instructions and game-over message.[2]

Conception

Following the success of the 1981 game Defender, Williams searched for new creative staff.[3][5] Believing video games to be the future of entertainment, Newcomer left his job as a toy designer to work at Williams, who hired him to create game ideas as support for development staff. After a few days, he generated a list of ideas that included ideas for his top two games, The War of the Worlds and Joust. Technical specifications dictated the selection because his vision of The War of the Worlds was technologically infeasible, whereas Joust could be accomplished with hardware already available at Williams.[3] A development team was formed, which decided to create the game using Defender's hardware.[3][8] Newcomer was also inspired by the 1980s movie Flash Gordon. [9]

Newcomer conceived Joust as a "flying game" with cooperative two-player gameplay; however, he did not wish to emulate the popular space theme of previous successful flying games like Asteroids and Defender. To that end, he made a list of things that could fly: machines, animals, and fictional characters. After evaluating the positive and negative of each idea, Newcomer chose birds for their wide appeal and his familiarity with fantasy and science fiction media featuring birds. To further increase his understanding, Newcomer went to the library to study mythology. He believed that the primary protagonist should ride a majestic bird. The first choice was an eagle, but the lack of graceful land mobility dissuaded him. Instead, he decided that a flying ostrich was more believable than a running eagle. To differentiate between the first and second player characters, the developers picked a stork, believing the proportions were similar to an ostrich while the color difference would avoid confusion among players. Newcomer chose vultures as the main enemies, believing that they would be recognizably evil. Anghelo created concept art of the characters as guidance for further design.[3]

Design
At the time Joust was done I was hoping to get a broader audience who may want to try a different skill. There were already plenty of shooting games they could play. I wanted to break some new ground. I felt I was already giving the player new things to do like having to flap, run and become so adept at flying that it would be the determining factor in how you collided and defeated an enemy. The cleanest thing I could think of to visually determine a winner was height.

—John Newcomer on the premise and gameplay of Joust[3]

The decision to use birds prompted Newcomer to deviate from the standard eight-direction joystick. He implemented a flapping mechanism to allow players to control the character's ascent and descent. With the vertical direction controlled via the arcade cabinet's button, a two-way joystick was added to dictate horizontal direction.[3] Though other Williams employees were concerned over the design, Newcomer believed that a direct control scheme for flight would strengthen the connection between the player and the character. The combat is devised to allow for higher levels of strategy than traditional shooting games.[3][8] Because flying became an integral gameplay element, he chose to have characters collide as a means of combat, with victory decided by onscreen elevation.[3]

The developers created the game using 96K of ROM chip storage, which limited the data size of individual graphics and sound effects they could use.[3][8] The ROM size limits also prohibited Newcomer from creating more characters. The graphics are hand-animated pixel art.[8] To animate the birds, Woldenberg-Miller used Eadweard Muybridge's book Animals In Motion as a reference. Given the limited memory, she had to balance the number of frames to minimize file size, while maintaining realistic animation. Woldenberg-Miller chose gray for the buzzards, but changed it to green to optimize the color palette as the developers had only 16 colors to create the entire display. Once the colors were decided for the character sprites, Newcomer finalized the look of the platforms. The hardware has limited audio capabilities, and sounds typically require larger amounts of memory than graphics. Working with these restrictions, Newcomer instructed Murphy and Kotlarik to focus on select sounds he deemed important to reinforcing gameplay. He reasoned that the audio would serve as conspicuous hints that players could use to adjust their strategy. Newcomer prioritized the crucial wing flap sound above others related to the pterodactyl, collisions, and hatching eggs.[3]

In designing the levels, Newcomer added platforms to the environment after the combat was devised. A static game world was chosen instead of a scrolling world, to focus on detailed visual textures applied to the platforms. The hardware cannot easily display the textures while scrolling, and the team believed that displaying the whole environment would aid players. The final game world element designed was a lava pit and a hand reaching out of it to destroy characters too close to the bottom of the screen. Newcomer placed the platforms to optimize Pfutzenrueter's enemy artificial intelligence (AI), which is programmed for attack patterns based partly on platform placements. The knight enemies were designed to exhibit progressively more aggressive behavior. Bounders fly around the environment randomly, occasionally reacting to the protagonist. Hunters seek the player's character in an effort to collide. Shadow Lords fly quickly and closer to the top of the screen. Pfutzenrueter designed them to fly higher when close to the protagonist to increase the Shadow Lord's chances of victory against the player.[3] The pterodactyl was designed to prevent players from idling and to be difficult to defeat—because it is vulnerable only in its open mouth during a specific animation frame and quickly flies upward at the last moment when approaching a player waiting at the edge of a platform.[3][10] The game prioritizes its graphics processing to favor the player characters over the enemies, so enemies begin to react more slowly when the number of on-screen sprites increases.[11]

While playtesting the game, the team discovered an animation bug they described as a "belly flop".[8][12] The flaw allows players to force the ostrich or stork sprite through an otherwise impassable small gap between two adjacent platforms of very close elevation. Because it provides an interesting method to perform a sneak attack on an opponent below the gap, the developers decided to keep the defect rather than fix it.[12] Newcomer also attributed the inclusion to excessive playtesting that limited the time available to find a solution.[8]

A second bug, which allows the pterodactyl to be easily defeated, was discovered after the game was first distributed. Newcomer had always designed the game and its AI with each sprite's dimension in mind, but the pterodactyl's sprite had been altered to improve the appearance one day before the game was finished. The new sprite allowed the pterodactyl to be easily defeated an unending number of times. The player could sit on the center ledge, with a single enemy knight caught indefinitely in the hand of the Lava Troll, and kill an unlimited number of pterodactyls simply by turning to face them as they entered the screen in a rapid, never-ending sequence. Using this flaw, the player could quickly accumulate a very high score and a large cache of lives, with no significant skill required. Upon learning of the flaw, Williams shipped a new ROM for the arcade cabinets to assuage distributors' complaints.[3][10]

Ports

Atari, Inc. published Joust for its own systems and under the Atarisoft label for others: Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari 8-bit family, Apple II, Macintosh and MS-DOS.

Joust was ported to the Nintendo Entertainment System—programmed by Satoru Iwata.[13]

Reception

Given the different control scheme, Williams was concerned that the game would be unsuccessful and arcades were hesitant to purchase the game. However, Williams eventually shipped 26,000 units,[8] and Electronic Games in 1983 described it as "tremendously popular".[14] A cocktail table version was later released, engineered by Leo Ludzia.[8] It is unique among cocktail games with its side-by-side seating rather than opposing sides,[6][8] allowing Williams to reuse the same ROM chip from the upright cabinets.[3] With only 250 to 500 units having been manufactured,[6][8] the cocktail version is a rare collector's item.[6][15]

In 1996, Next Generation listed the arcade version as number 83 on its "Top 100 Games of All Time", calling it "a perfect example of the three ingredients that all too often make a classic: Original concepts, quirky designs, and - above all - playability. With only three controls (left, right, and flap), Joust creates an entire world of elegant combat."[16] Video game historian Steve Kent considered Joust one of the more memorable games of its time.[17] Author David Ellis agreed, and stated that the game remains enjoyable to this day.[6] In 2008, Guinness World Records listed it as the number sixty-nine arcade game in technical, creative, and cultural impact.[18] A writer for Video Gaming Illustrated called Joust exotic with lifelike animation.[19] Antic called the Atari 8-bit version an "unique, addictive arcade game" that was "almost identical" to the original. The magazine concluded that Joust was "Atari's finest since Star Raiders".[20]

Kevin Bowen of GameSpy's Classic Gaming wrote that Joust has an "incredibly stupid" concept but is an appealing game with good controls and competitive gameplay. He said it is "one of the first really fun multiplayer games", differentiated from other contemporary multiplayer games, and a precursor to the video game deathmatch.[21]

Retro Gamer writer Mike Bevan called the game's physics "beautifully" realized, and described Joust as one of the "most remarkable and well-loved titles" of the Williams library.[3] A Computer and Video Games writer called the game "weird and wonderful".[22] Author John Sellers praised the competitive two-player gameplay, and attributed the game's appeal to the flapping mechanism.[2] In 2004, Ellis described Joust as an example of innovative risk absent in the then-current video game industry.[6]

In retrospect, Newcomer commended Williams's management for taking a risk on him and the game.[3] The game has garnered praise from industry professionals as well. Jeff Peters of GearWorks Games lauded the gameplay, describing it as unique and intuitive. Jeff Johannigman of Fusion Learning Systems praised the flapping mechanism and Kim Pallister of Microsoft enjoyed the multi-player aspect.[23]

Legacy

A Joust-themed pinball table was released in 1983, designed by Barry Oursler and Constantino Mitchell. The game includes artwork and themes from the arcade version. In addition to single player gameplay, it features competitive two-player gameplay with the players on opposing sides of the machine. Fewer than 500 machines were produced.[8]

An arcade sequel, Joust 2: Survival of the Fittest, was released in 1986. It features similar gameplay with new elements on a vertical screen.[24]

Four years later, Midway Games[Note 1] also launched a website featuring the browser-based Shockwave versions.[25] The game is in several multi-platform compilations: the 1996 Williams Arcade's Greatest Hits, the 2000 Midway's Greatest Arcade Hits, and the 2003 Midway Arcade Treasures.[26][27][28] Other compilations are the 1995 Arcade Classic 4 for the Game Boy and the 2005 Midway Arcade Treasures: Extended Play for the PlayStation Portable.[29][30] Joust was released via digital distribution on GameTap, Xbox Live Arcade, and the PlayStation Network.[31][32] In 2012, Joust was included in the compilation Midway Arcade Origins.[33]

Other remakes were in development, but never released. Previously unreleased Atarisoft prototypes of Joust for the ColecoVision surfaced in 2001 at the Classic Gaming Expo in Las Vegas.[34] An adaptation with three-dimensional (3D) graphics (and a port of the original Joust as a bonus[35]) was in development for the Atari Jaguar. Titled Dactyl Joust, it was eventually canceled.[36] Another remake in development is Joust 3D for the Nintendo 64. Because the arenas are in 3D, it was to use a split screen for the multiplayer battles.[37] Newcomer pitched an updated version of the arcade game for the Game Boy Advance to Midway Games, which declined. The prototype uses multi-directional scrolling, more detailed graphics based on 3D renders, and new gameplay mechanics.[3]

Tiger Electronics released a keychain version of Joust in 1998.[38]

A mobile phone version was released in 2005, but omitted the flapping control scheme.[39]

Influenced games

Several games by other developers feature gameplay that either copies or builds upon Joust's design.[21] The 1983 Jetpac and Mario Bros., and the 1984 Balloon Fight, feature elements inspired by it.[40][41][42][43] The flying mechanics in the 2000 game Messiah were inspired by Joust.[44]

Midway Games optioned Joust's movie rights to CP Productions in 2007.[31][45] Michael Cerenzie and Christine Peters of CP Productions planned to expand on a game element for the film's premise. Cerenzie described the script by Marc Gottlieb as "Gladiator meets Mad Max", set 25 years in the future, and Peters commented that the action oriented film would appeal to a general audience. The movie was planned as a tent-pole movie, with a graphic novel by Steven-Elliot Altman as part of the media franchise's release. Midway Games also considered a video game adaptation of the film.[46] Joust's expected release date was set in June 2008 and then later pushed back to 2009.[46][47] The video game company, however, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009.[48] Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment purchased most of Midway's assets, including Joust, with the intent to develop movie adaptations.[49][50]

Joust is referenced in the Robot Chicken episode "Celebutard Mountain",[51] the Code Monkeys episode "Just One of the Gamers",[52] and the video games Mortal Kombat 3[53] and World of Warcraft: Cataclysm.[54] Joust is featured prominently in the book Ready Player One.

Notes
  1. Williams Electronics purchased Midway in 1988, and later transferred its games to the Midway Games subsidiary.

References
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