Joseph Crews

Joseph Crews, before the American Civil War, was a white businessman who did business with African-American customers and partners; he was referred to as a "Negro trader" and "accused of Union sympathies".[1] According to Benjamin Ginsberg, he was a "highly visible scalawag".[1] Crews served in the South Carolina 48th General Assembly in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1868 to 1870.[3] During the 1870 South Carolina gubernatorial election, he was a county election commissioner in Laurens County, South Carolina, and in that capacity had ordered all ballot boxes to be set up in the county seat. This disadvantaged rural voters, but enabled him and the state militia to oversee the election process and to mobilize black voters. However, armed whites attacked the black militia and disarmed them; some were wounded, others murdered. "Like companies of Confederate cavalry", "heavily armed whites" pushed away black voters—until Federal troops came from twenty miles away, with Crews, and took the ballot boxes.[1]

A congressional report lists him as having distributed guns and ammunition to African-American citizens; he was reported as "'Joe Crews', the great agitator of strife between the two races, who, in that very canvass [the 1870 elections], harangued the negroes from the stump, inciting them against the whites and their property".[4]

He served in the 51st South Carolina General Assembly in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1874 until his death in 1875.[5]

According to a letter sent to United States president Ulysses S. Grant by L. Coss Carpenter, an Internal Revenue Service collector in South Carolina, Crews was shot by armed men, three miles from the Laurens County courthouse, on the morning of September 8, 1875. He was traveling in a buggy and was ambushed while crossing a creek. He was wounded by five pellets from a shotgun blast, one of the pellets piercing his spine and causing him to be paralyzed. He died on September 13, at midnight. At the time, according to Carpenter, he was the leading Republican politician in the county, and without him it would have been very difficult to prevent "a democratic ascendancy". Crews was a "special deputy" for the IRS, but Carpenter felt assured that it was not his work for the IRS but his political activity that led to his murder.[6]

George Washington Shell (later a US Representative for South Carolina) and his son, Walter Shell, were arrested and charged for the murder.[7] George Washington Shell's brother had been murdered in 1868,[8] and in the weeks prior to Crews' murder, a man named Albert Parks confessed to that murder and implicated Joe Crews and others.[9] G. W. and Walter Shell were acquitted of Crews' murder after a half hour of deliberation in June 1876.[10] In August 1876, Francis McGann was arrested and confessed to taking $200 from Republicans Cullen Lark and John Hamilton for the murder. Lark and Hamilton were quickly released due to lack of evidence.[11] The Laurensville Herald, edited by Thomas Crews, Joe's brother and a Democrat, wrote that there was "some trick in the matter. In the first place the prisoner [McGann] was allowed to 'escape.'"[12] The News and Courier suspected that McGann's admission was a plot to convict Cullen Lark and cited as evidence that the Crews family was providing McGann's meals.[13]

• Robert B. Elliott