Job strain

Job strain is a form of psychosocial stress that occurs in the workplace. One of the most common forms of stress, it is characterized by a combination of low salaries, high demands, and low levels of control along with raises and paid time off regarding one's job.[1]Stresses at work can be Eustress, also known as a positive type of stress, and distress, also known as a negative type of stress.[2]Job strain in the workplace has proved to result in poor psychological health, and eventually physical health. Job strain has been a recurring issue for years and affects men and woman differently.

Causes of Work Stress

Eustress Causes

Examples of positive causes of stress in the workplace include starting a new job and receiving a raise. Both of these situations improve performance along with motivates people to get more.[3]

Distress Causes

On the negative side, one cause of job strain is low salaries.[4] Low pay causes job strain due to living expenses. Housing expenses are extremely high and makes it difficult for minimum wage workers to afford to house. As minimum wage increases, cost of living increases as well.[5]The second cause of job strain comes from excessive workloads. Being exhausted from overworking is a common stressor in the workplace and can often lead to poor communication between coworkers.[6] The next reason for job strain is when there is a lack of support from employers and employees. Making decisions and participating is a way of support from employers and employees.[7]

Health effects

When experiencing Job Strain in the form of distress at work people are subject to headaches, stomachaches, sleep disturbances, short temper and difficulty concentrating. Anxiety, insomnia, high blood pressure, a weakened immune system, and even heart disease occurs if stress at work becomes more persistent and can be more serious.[8]A 2012 meta-analysis found a positive association between job strain and coronary heart disease risk.[1] A 2015 meta-analysis found a similar association between job strain and stroke; the association was especially strong for women.[9] Job strain has also been found to increase the risk of higher blood pressure[10] but not obesity.[11]

Gender Differences

Men and women react differently when exposed to work situations involving stress. A survey was taken from Canadian Community Health in 2012 that proved women experience higher job strain than men. It also stated women feel as if they have lower levels of control yet experience more coworker support than men.[12] Because women have lower levels of control at work, they experience more mental health risks such as depression and anxiety. Men suffer from physical risks such as heart disease from carrying higher roles at work.

References
  1. Kivimäki, Mika; Nyberg, Solja T; Batty, G David; Fransson, Eleonor I; Heikkilä, Katriina; Alfredsson, Lars; Bjorner, Jakob B; Borritz, Marianne; Burr, Hermann; Casini, Annalisa; Clays, Els; De Bacquer, Dirk; Dragano, Nico; Ferrie, Jane E; Geuskens, Goedele A; Goldberg, Marcel; Hamer, Mark; Hooftman, Wendela E; Houtman, Irene L; Joensuu, Matti; Jokela, Markus; Kittel, France; Knutsson, Anders; Koskenvuo, Markku; Koskinen, Aki; Kouvonen, Anne; Kumari, Meena; Madsen, Ida EH; Marmot, Michael G; Nielsen, Martin L; Nordin, Maria; Oksanen, Tuula; Pentti, Jaana; Rugulies, Reiner; Salo, Paula; Siegrist, Johannes; Singh-Manoux, Archana; Suominen, Sakari B; Väänänen, Ari; Vahtera, Jussi; Virtanen, Marianna; Westerholm, Peter JM; Westerlund, Hugo; Zins, Marie; Steptoe, Andrew; Theorell, Töres (October 2012). "Job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data". The Lancet. 380 (9852): 1491–1497. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60994-5. PMC 3486012. PMID 22981903.
  2. "Types of Stressors (Eustress vs. Distress)". MentalHelp.net. COPYRIGHT © 2019 MENTALHELP.NET. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
  3. "Types of Stressors (Eustress vs. Distress)". MentalHelp.net. COPYRIGHT © 2019 MENTALHELP.NET. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
  4. "Coping With Stress at Work". American Phycological Association. American Phycological Association. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  5. Imbert, Fred. "Cost of living is increasingly out of reach for low-wage workers". CNBC. CNBC LLC. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
  6. Picincu, Andra. "The Effects of a Heavy Workload on Employees". bizfluent. Leaf Group LTD. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
  7. "Stress at the Workplace". World Health Organization. WHO. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
  8. "Coping with stress at work". American Phycological Association. © 2019 American Psychological Association. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
  9. Huang, Y; Xu, S; Hua, J; Zhu, D; Liu, C; Hu, Y; Liu, T; Xu, D (10 November 2015). "Association between job strain and risk of incident stroke: A meta-analysis". Neurology. 85 (19): 1648–54. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002098. PMID 26468409.
  10. Landsbergis, Paul A.; Dobson, Marnie; Koutsouras, George; Schnall, Peter (March 2013). "Job Strain and Ambulatory Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review". American Journal of Public Health. 103 (3): e61–e71. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301153. PMC 3673518. PMID 23327240.
  11. Kivimäki, M; Singh-Manoux, A; Nyberg, S; Jokela, M; Virtanen, M (November 2015). "Job strain and risk of obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies". International Journal of Obesity. 39 (11): 1597–600. doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.103. PMC 4579559. PMID 26041697.
  12. "Gender differences in the link between psychosocial work exposures and stress". Institute for Work and Health. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
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