Jan Grabowski

Jan Grabowski (born 1962) is a Polish-Canadian professor of history at the University of Ottawa, specializing in Jewish–Polish relations in German-occupied Poland during World War II, and in the Holocaust in Poland.[1]

For other uses, see Jan Grabowski (disambiguation).

Jan Grabowski
Jan Grabowski in 2018
Born1962 (age 57–58)
Warsaw
NationalityPolish-Canadian
OccupationHistorian
AwardsYad Vashem International Book Prize for Holocaust Research
Academic background
EducationPh.D. (1994), Université de Montréal[1]
Thesis'The Common Ground. Settled Natives and French in Montréal 1667–1760' (1993)
Academic work
Era
InstitutionsUniversity of Ottawa
Notable worksHunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland (2013)
WebsiteHomepage, University of Ottawa

Co-founder in 2003 of the Polish Center for Holocaust Research, in Warsaw, Poland, Grabowski achieved broad attention with his 2013 book Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland, which won the Yad Vashem International Book Prize.[2]

Early life and education

Grabowski was born in Warsaw, Poland, to a Roman Catholic mother[3] and Jewish father. His father, Zbigniew Grabowski, a Holocaust survivor and chemistry professor[4] from Kraków, fought in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising.[5]

While at the University of Warsaw, Grabowski was active in the Independent Students' Union between 1981 and 1985, where he helped to run an underground printing press for the Solidarity movement. He received his M.A. in 1986,[6] and in 1988 he emigrated to Canada.[5] Travel restrictions had been eased by Poland's communist government. If he had known the regime would fall a year later, he would have stayed, he told an interviewer: "When I left in 1988 I thought there was no future for any young person in Poland. It felt like you were looking at the world through a thick wall of glass. It was sort of an un-reality ... the rules were oblique, strange, inhuman even. Then after one year the system seemed to collapse like a house of cards."[6] He received his Ph.D. from the Université de Montréal in 1994 for a thesis entitled The Common Ground. Settled Natives and French in Montréal 1667–1760.[7]

Academic career

Academic appointments

In 1993 Grabowski became a faculty member at the University of Ottawa.[5]

In 2016–17 he was an Ina Levine Invitational Scholar at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, where he conducted research into the Polish Blue Police for a project entitled "Polish 'Blue' Police, Bystanders, and the Holocaust in Occupied Poland, 1939–1945".[8][9] Grabowski received a grant for the project (2016–2020) from the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.[10]

Hunt for the Jews

Summary

Grabowski is best known for his book Hunt for the Jews, first published in Poland in 2011 as Judenjagd: Polowanie na Zydow 1942–1945.[11] In 2013 a revised and updated English-language edition was published by Indiana University Press as Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland,[12] and in 2016 a revised and expanded edition was published in Hebrew by Yad Vashem.[13][5]

Awarded the Yad Vashem International Book Prize in 2014,[2] the book describes the Judenjagd (German: "Jew hunt") from 1942 onwards, focusing on alleged Dąbrowa Tarnowska County,[14] a rural area in southeastern Poland.[15] The Judenjagd was the German search for Jews who had escaped from the liquidated ghettos in Poland and were trying to hide among the non-Jewish population.[16] Grabowski relied on court records from the 1940s in Poland, testimony collected after the war by the Central Committee of Polish Jews, and records gathered by the German justice system during investigations in the 1960s.[17]

"The great majority of Jews in hiding", according to Grabowski in an 11 February 2017 Haaretz interview, "perished as a consequence of betrayal. They were denounced or simply seized, tied up and delivered by locals to the nearest station of the Polish police, or to the German gendarmerie."[5] In the same interview, Grabowski said that Poles were responsible for the deaths, "directly or indirectly", of "more than 200,000 Jews" during the Holocaust, and that this was a conservative estimate because it excluded victims of the Blue Police.[5][18]

In a later, 17 March 2018 Gazeta Wyborcza interview, Grabowski said he believed 200,000 Jews died while hiding. Although he was unable to determine the exact percentage of that number who perished directly or indirectly due to acts by Poles, he believed it to be between 60% and 90%.[19]

Reception
Further information: Hunt for the Jews § Reception

The book sparked a heated public debate, particularly when first published in Poland in 2011.[17] Grabowski received death threats.[15] When a German newspaper reviewed the book favourably in 2015,[20] a right-wing Polish website, Fronda.pl, ran a piece with the headline, "Sieg Heil, Mr. Grabowski", accompanied by a photograph of Joseph Goebbels; Grabowski successfully sued the website's owner for libel.[5]

Reviewing the book in April 2016, Michael Fleming, a British historian specializing in Polish history, wrote in support of Grabowski, describing criticisms of the book as attempts to "reinstitute the old, discredited heroic narrative of unimpeachable Polish conduct". Arguing that these tales of heroism are common in Europe, he wrote that Grabowski's book is part of a "growing body of corrective scholarship" that discusses the indifference or complicity of European populations; but he also warned readers and reviewers not to "reinforce orientalist narratives about 'Eastern' Europe" or the idea that only populations close to the genocide could stop it, which he calls "fetishiz[ing] spatial proximity".[17]

Controversy

Since the publication of the Polish- and English-language editions of Hunt for the Jews, Grabowski has been boycotted by the Polish-Canadian community, and Polish groups have attempted to have him fired from his academic position. According to media reports, Grabowski has faced harassment and death threats, leading to increased security patrols in his department at the University of Ottawa.[21][22]

On 7 June 2017 the Polish League Against Defamation released a statement signed by 134 Polish scholars and scientists protesting Grabowski's work.[23]

On 10 June 2017, the Polish Center for Holocaust Research issued a statement "In defence of Jan Grabowski's good name". Signed by seven of its members, including Barbara Engelking, Jacek Leociak and Dariusz Libionka, it called the criticism from the Polish League Against Defamation "as brutal as it is absurd", and stated that none of the 134 signatories was a Holocaust historian.[24] The Human Rights Research and Education Centre at the University of Ottawa also expressed its full support for Grabowski, referring to his "highly respected scholarship".[25]

On 19 June 2017, some 180 Holocaust historians and other historians of modern European history signed an open letter in Grabowski's defence, addressed to Calin Rovinescu, Chancellor of the University of Ottawa. Describing the campaign against Grabowski as "an attack on academic freedom and integrity", the letter said that "[h]is scholarship holds to the highest standards of academic research and publication", and that the Polish League Against Defamation puts forth a "distorted and whitewashed version of the history of Poland during the Holocaust era". Signatories included Yitzhak Arad, Omer Bartov, Yehuda Bauer, Michael Berenbaum, Randolph L. Braham, Richard Breitman, Christopher Browning, Deborah Dwork, Michael Fleming, Christian Gerlach, Peter Hayes, Deborah Lipstadt, Antony Polonsky, Dina Porat, Alvin H. Rosenfeld and Robert Jan van Pelt.[23]

The Polish Police

In 2017 Grabowski published The Polish Police: Collaboration in the Holocaust, the Ina Levine Annual Lecture delivered on 17 November 2016 at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C, on the Polish Blue Police.[26]

Dalej jest noc
Further information: Dalej jest noc

In 2018 Grabowski and Barbara Engelking co-edited a two-volume study, Dalej jest noc: losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski (Night Continues: The Fates of Jews in Selected Counties of Occupied Poland). Grabowski himself contributed a chapter about Węgrów County (which during World War II was part of a greater German Sokolow Kreishauptmannschaft). The book was criticized for using unreliable sources, for ignoring the draconian nature of the German occupation, for some authors' alleged personal interests, for selective treatment of witness statements (scrutinizing Polish witness statements, while taking at face value witness statements which accorded with authors' theses), and for presenting rumors or gossip as actual proven events.[27][28][29][30][31] Grabowski and his co-authors requested that their responses to the criticisms be published in the Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance and in Polish-Jewish Studies.[32] Historian Jacek Chrobaczyński wrote that all nine of the book's sections were prepared with the same methodology and style, and he commended the authors for deconstructing political myths and propaganda that partly still persist in Polish history, journalism, church, and politics.[33]

Views

In 2016 Grabowski published a paper criticizing what he called "the history policy of the Polish state", and arguing that "the state-sponsored version of history seeks to undo the findings of the last few decades and to forcibly introduce a sanitized, feel-good narrative".[34] He has deplored plans for a monument to rescuers of Jews, to be located at Grzybowski Square, which was part of the wartime Warsaw Ghetto; he sees it as an attempt to inflate the role of the rescuers, whom he describes as a "desperate, hunted, tiny minority", the exception to the rule. The ghetto site should be dedicated, he argues, to Jewish suffering, not to Polish courage.[35][36]

In 2016, Grabowski wrote a critical article for Maclean's about Poland's controversial amendment to its Act on the Institute of National Remembrance.[37] The amendment would have penalized, with imprisonment for up to three years, anyone defaming Poland by accusing it of complicity in the Holocaust,[38] with exceptions for "freedom of research, discussion of history, and artistic activity".[39] In 2018 Grabowski compared the amendment to a pre-1939 Polish law that likewise stipulated punishment for defaming Poland.[38][40] He told Haaretz that the Holocaust in Poland was "not only a German-Jewish affair": "The assumption that the extermination occurred in outer space, that the Holocaust happened without Polish society becoming aware of this unfortunate event, is simply absolutely false. ... There are no Polish bystanders in the Holocaust."[41]

The Markowa Ulma-Family Museum of Poles Who Saved Jews in World War II, in Markowa, Poland

In July 2017 Grabowski criticized the Ulma-Family Museum of Poles Who Saved Jews in World War II, in Markowa, which opened in 2016. The garden will have plaques identifying the 1,500 towns in which the nearly 6,700 Poles lived who helped Jews and were recognized by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations.[42] In Grabowski's view, the museum should provide more information about the Polish neighbours of the Ulma family and others who aided Jews.[43] Arguing that the number of Poles recognized by Yad Vashem is not representative of the Polish population, and that those who did help Jews feared their neighbours, Grabowski believes that Polish authorities are using the museum to suggest that the "rescue of Jews was widespread in occupied Poland".[5]

In February 2018, Grabowski called the Polish government "undemocratic" and "nationalistic" and said that the alleged antisemitism in Poland resembled "the Dark Ages". He called on Israel to refuse dialogue with Poland about the Holocaust until Poland had engaged in "internal discussion".[44] (In March 2018, an official Polish delegation working for dialogue with Israel went there, including the well-known conservative journalist Bronislaw Wildstein.[45][46][47][48])

In December 2018 Grabowski co-wrote a Haaretz opinion piece criticizing Israeli historian Daniel Blatman, professor of modern Jewish history and Holocaust studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, for accepting the post of chief historian at the newly-formed Warsaw Ghetto Museum, in Warsaw, Poland, and thus agreeing to be "the poster boy of [Polish] state authorities bent on turning back the clock and distorting the history of the Holocaust".[49] In January 2019 Blatman responded in Haaretz that, while scholars at the Center for Holocaust Research had provided some valuable insights into involvement in the Holocaust by parts of the Polish population, they did not give due weight to the terror and violence perpetrated by the Germans against Poles under German occupation.[50]

Selected works
  • (2001). Historia Kanady. Warsaw: Prószyński i S-ka. ISBN 978-8372550446 OCLC 169635941
  • (2004). "Ja tego Żyda znam!": Szantażowanie Żydów w Warszawie 1939–1943. Warsaw: Wydaw. ISBN 978-8373880580 OCLC 937072035
  • (2008). Rescue for Money: Paid Helpers in Poland, 1939-1945. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. ISBN 978-9653083257 OCLC 974380257
  • (2010, with Barbara Engelking). Żydów łamiących prawo należy karać śmiercią! "Przestępczość" Żydów w Warszawie, 1939-1942. Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. ISBN 839268317X OCLC 750651880
  • (2011, with Barbara Engelking). Zarys krajobrazu: wieś polska wobec zagłady Żydów 1942–1945. Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. ISBN 978-8393220243 OCLC 761074409
  • (2011). Judenjagd: Polowanie na Zydow 1942–1945. Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. ISBN 978-8393220236 OCLC 715338569
    • (2013). Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-02-53010-74-2 OCLC 900191796
    • (2016). ציד היהודים; בגידה ורצח בפולין בימי הכיבוש הגרמני. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. ISBN 978-9653085312 OCLC 993142125
  • (2014, with Dariusz Libionka, eds.). Klucze i kasa: o mieniu żydowskim w Polsce pod okupacją niemiecką i we wczesnych latach powojennych, 1939–1950. Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. ISBN 978-8363444358 OCLC 892600909
  • (2017). "The Polish police: Collaboration in the Holocaust". Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (Ina Levine annual lecture, 17 November 2016).
  • (2018, co-edited with Barbara Engelking), Dalej jest noc: losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski (Night Continues: the Fates of Jews in Selected Counties of Occupied Poland), Warsaw, Poland, Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów (Polish Center for Holocaust Research), 2 volumes (1,640 pp.), ISBN 978-8363444648 OCLC 1041616741.
  • (2020) Na posterunku. Udział polskiej policji granatowej i kryminalnej w zagładzie Żydów (On Duty: Participation of Blue and Criminal Police in the Destruction of the Jews), Wydawnictwo Czarne, Wołowiec, 2020, ISBN 978-8380499867.

See also

References
  1. "Jan Grabowski", University of Ottawa.
  2. "Professor Jan Grabowski wins the 2014 Yad Vashem International Book Prize", Yad Vashem, 4 December 2014.
  3. Snyder, Donald (12 January 2015). "The Summer Polish Jews Were Hunted" (interview with Jan Grabowski). The Forward.
  4. "Zbigniew Ryszard Grabowski" (in Polish). nekrologi.wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  5. Aderet, Ofer (11 February 2017). "'Orgy of Murder': The Poles Who 'Hunted' Jews and Turned Them Over to the Nazis". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  6. Lough, Shannon (26 February 2014). "Twenty-five years since the fall of communism in Poland". davidmckie.com.
  7. "The Common Ground. Settled Natives and French in Montréal 1667-1760". Université du Québec à Montréal.
  8. "Fellow Dr. Jan Grabowski". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  9. Grabowski, Jan (April 2017). "The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust" (PDF). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2018.
  10. "Funded Research Projects", Faculty of Arts, University of Ottawa.
  11. Grabowski, Jan (2011). Judenjagd: polowanie na Żydów 1942-1945: studium dziejów pewnego powiatu. Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. ISBN 978-8393220236. OCLC 715338569.
  12. Grabowski, Jan (2013). Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253010742. OCLC 868951735.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  13. Grabowski, Jan (2016). ציד היהודים; בגידה ורצח בפולין בימי הכיבוש הגרמני. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. ISBN 978-9653085312 OCLC 993142125
  14. Grabowski 2013, p. 3.
  15. Tzur, Nissan (18 October 2013). "Holocaust writer Grabowski faces Polish fury", Jewish Chronicle.
  16. Grabowski 2013, p. 1.
  17. Fleming, Michael (April 2016). "Jan Grabowski, Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland". European History Quarterly. 46 (2): 357–359. doi:10.1177/0265691416637313r.
  18. University of Ottawa holocaust historian sues Polish group for libel, CJN, Paul Lungen, 22 November 2018: "From among the approximately 250,000 Polish Jews who had escaped liquidations of the ghettos and who had fled, about 40,000 survived. We have thus more than 200,000 Jews who fled the liquidations and who did not survive until liberation. My findings show that in the overwhelming majority of cases, their Polish co-citizens were – directly through murder, or indirectly by denunciation – at the root of their deaths."
  19. "Ale Historia: Prof. Jan Grabowski: Pomagaliśmy Niemcom zabijać Żydów", Gazeta Wyborcza, 17 March 2018: "A więc... ok. 200 tys. Żydów zostało zamordowanych, gdy się ukrywali po aryjskiej stronie?" – "Tak, i na podstawie szczegółowej analizy tego, w jakich okolicznościach ginęli, sformułowałem hipotezę badawczą, że większość – choć nie jestem na tym etapie badań w stanie powiedzieć, czy było to 60, czy 90 proc. – straciła życie z rąk Polaków albo przy ich współudziale." ("So... 200,000 Jews were murdered while hiding on the Aryan side?" – "Yes, and based on detailed analysis of the circumstances in which they perished, I formulated a research hypothesis that the majority – though at this stage of research I am not able to say whether it was 60 or 90 percent – lost their lives at the hands of Poles or with their complicity.")
  20. Caus, Jessica (9 June 2015). "So halfen polnische Bauern beim Judenmord". Die Welt.
  21. The truth about Poland, Legion Magazine, Stephen J. Thorne, 14 Feb 2018
  22. "A Polish Historian's Accounting of the Holocaust Divides His Countrymen", The Chronicle of Higher Education, 25 June 2012
  23. "Solidarity with Jan Grabowski". michael-wildt.de. 19 June 2017. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018.
    Gera, Vanessa (20 June 2017). "International historians defend Ottawa scholar who studies Poland and Holocaust", The Associated Press.
    Perkel, Colin (20 June 2017). "University of Ottawa scholar says he's a target of Polish 'hate' campaign". The Canadian Press.
  24. "In defence of Jan Grabowski's good name" (PDF). Polish Center for Holocaust Research. 10 June 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018.
  25. "Statement on Attacks against Professor Jan Grabowski". University of Ottawa Human Rights Research and Education Centre. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018.
  26. Grabowski, Jan The Polish police : collaboration in the Holocaust United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2017
  27. Tomasz Domański, Korekta obrazu? Refleksje źródłoznawcze wokół książki "Dalej jest noc. Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski" ("A Corrected Picture? Reflections on Use of Sources in the Book, Night Continues: The Fates of Jews in Selected Counties of Occupied Poland), IPN, Polish-Jewish Studies, 2019, 72 pp.
  28. Tomasz Roguski, "Dalej jest noc. Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski, red. Barbara Engelking i Jan Grabowski" ("Night Continues: The Fates of Jews in Selected Counties of Occupied Poland, edited by Barbara Engelking and Jan Grabowski"), Glaukopis, no. 36, pp. 335-356.
  29. "Ukazały się kolejne trzy recenzje IPN na temat publikacji Dalej jest noc" ("Three More IPN Reviews of Dalej jest noc Have Appeared"), Dzieje.pl, 21.02.19 (21 February 2019).
  30. Dawid Golik, "Nowatorska noc. Kilka uwag na marginesie artykułu Karoliny Panz" ("Innovative Night: A Few Remarks Relating to Karolina Panz's Article"), Zeszyty Historyczne WiN-u, no. 47, 2018, pp. 109-134.
  31. Jacek Borkowicz, " "Wraca spór o udział w zagładzie" ("Dispute over Participation in the Holocaust Returns"), Rzeczpospolita, 10 February 2019.
  32. "Nieudana 'Korekta Obrazu': Odpowiedzi redaktorów tomów oraz autorów poszczególnych rozdziałów na broszurę autorstwa dr. Tomasza Domańskiego pt. Korekta obrazu? Refleksje źródłoznawcze wokół książki Dalej jest noc" ("Ineffectually 'Corrected Picture': Responses of the Editors of the Volumes, and of the Authors of the Respective Chapters, to Brochure by Dr. Tomasz Domański, "Corrected Picture? Reflections on Sources in the Book, Night Continues: The Fates of Jews in Selected Counties of Occupied Poland"), Polish Center for Holocaust Research.
  33. Jacek Chrobaczyński, "Osaczeni, samotni, bezbronni... Refleksje po lekturze książki Dalej jest noc. Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski" ("Cornered, Alone, Defenseless... Reflections on Reading the Book, Dalej jest noc. Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski") (Polish with English abstract; 2 volumes), pod redakcją Barbary Engelking i Jana Grabowskiego (edited by Barbara Engelking and Jan Grabowski), Warszawa, 2018", Res Gestae 6, 2018, pp. 266-301.
  34. Grabowski, Jan (6 January 2017). "The Holocaust and Poland's 'History Policy'". Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 10(3), pp. 481–486.
  35. Snyder, Don (17 April 2013). "Poland Plans Monument to Righteous Gentiles on Site of Warsaw Ghetto", Forward.
  36. Snyder, Donald (27 April 2014). "Poland's Dueling Holocaust Monuments to 'Righteous Gentiles' Spark Painful Debate", Forward.
  37. Graowski, Jan (20 September 2016). "The danger in Poland’s frontal attack on its Holocaust history". Maclean's.]. Macleans, 30 September 2016.
  38. Zieve, Tamara (20 February 2018). "Polish historian: Penalties for new Polish law resemble pre-war punishment". Jerusalem Post.
  39. "Communique of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on amendment of the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Poland.
  40. Thorne, Stephen J. (14 February 2018). "The truth about Poland". Legion Magazine.
  41. Aderet, Ofer (19 February 2018). "Polish Historian: Entering Dialogue With Poland on Holocaust Bill Is 'The Last Thing' Israel Should Do". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
    Stoffel, Derek (20 February 2018). "Canadian historian joins uproar in Israel over Polish Holocaust law", CBC News.
  42. Gieroń, Aneta (21 July 2017). "Przy Muzeum Ulmów w Markowej powstaje Sad Pamięci". Biznesistyl.
  43. Aderet, Ofer (22 March 2016). "Polish Museum Honoring Poles Who Saved Jews Arouses Controversy", Haaretz.
  44. Grabowski, Jan "Polski historyk Jan Grabowski ostrzega Izrael przed dialogiem z Polską" Rzeczpospolita 20 February 2018
  45. "Bronisław Wildstein wśród członków zespołu ds. dialogu z Izraelem" ("Bronisław Wildstein Is Member of Group to Promote Dialogue with Israel").
  46. Ofer Aderet and Noa Landau, "Polish delegation heads to Israel in bid to resolve crisis on Holocaust Law", Haaretz, 27 February 2018.
  47. Kubica, Piotr (6 March 2018). "Wildstein: Polska nie ma problemu z antysemityzmem" ("Wildstein: Poland Has No Problem of Antisemitism")". TokFM. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  48. Skowroński, Krzysztof (18 April 2018). "Wildstein: Mam nadzieję, że wspólnie z Żydami przezwyciężymy nienawistników w rodzaju Grabowskiego czy Grossa, którzy deformują historię" ("Wildstein: I Hope that Together with the Jews We Will Defeat Hate-Mongers Like Grabowski and Gross Who Deform History")". wPolityce. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  49. Grabowski, Jan; Engelking, Barbara; Haska, Agnieszka; Leociak, Jacek (24 December 2018). "Why Is This Israeli Jewish Scholar a Willing Poster Boy for Poland's Brutal Distortion of the Holocaust?". Haaretz.
  50. Blatman, Daniel (4 January 2019). "Warsaw Ghetto Museum Historian: A Tale of History, Force and Narrow Horizons". Haaretz.

Further reading
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