James Carroll (scientist)

Major James Carroll (June 5, 1854 – September 16, 1907)[1] was a US Army physician.

James Carroll
James Carroll
BornJune 5, 1854
Woolwich, England
DiedSeptember 16, 1907
Washington, D.C.
NationalityUnited States
Alma materUniversity of Maryland

Carroll was born in England. He moved to Canada in 1874, and enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1874. He graduated with an M.D. from the University of Maryland in 1891. After graduating Carroll studied bacteriology under Dr. William H. Welch at Johns Hopkins Hospital and assisted Walter Reed in pathology laboratories. Carroll and Reed later worked together at the Army Medical Museum in Washington and the Columbia University Medical School.[2] In 1900 he served as an American physician and a member of the Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba, along with Walter Reed, Jesse William Lazear, and Aristides Agramonte. He and Lazear subjected themselves to the bite of infectious mosquitoes to test the theory that mosquitoes were carriers of yellow fever. Lazear died, but Carroll recovered and completed the last, official experiments of the Yellow Fever Commission. After a trip to Washington D.C., Carroll returned to Cuba for additional studies in which he proved that blood from active cases of yellow fever contained sub-microscopic infective agents.[3] In 1904, with permission from Army Surgeon-General Robert Maitland O'Reilly, Carroll tested an oral typhoid fever vaccine on himself and 12 other volunteers from the military. Due to faulty vaccine preparation by lab personnel, seven men came down with the disease. They all survived, but the Office of the Surgeon General did not publicize the results. [4] The yellow fever infection Carroll contracted eventually killed him. [5]

Carroll was the inaugural president of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology.[6]

References
  1. Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). The Timetables of Science. Simon & Schuster. p. 411. ISBN 0671621300.
  2. Yellow Fever & the Reed Commission: The Walter Reed Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-08-27. Retrieved 2014-08-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. University of Virginia.
  3. Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection: The United States Army Yellow Fever Commission (1900–1901), http://yellowfever.lib.virginia.edu/reed/commission.html, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. University of Virginia.
  4. Walter Reed Typhoid Fever, 1897–1911, Vaccination, http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/typhoid/looking_forward/, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. University of Virginia.
  5. Asimov, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology 2nd Revised edition
  6. United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology. "Hall of Presidents, James Carroll". Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
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