James Aloysius Hickey

Hickey was later named the eighth Bishop of Cleveland, Ohio, on May 31, 1974.[2] Replacing Bishop Clarence George Issenmann, he was formally installed on July 16 of that year.[4] During his tenure in Cleveland, he was a leading advocate of racial unity and became active in justice issues involving El Salvador.[3] In 1980, he traveled to El Salvador to attend the funeral of the slain Archbishop Óscar Romero.[3] Sister Dorothy Kazel and Jean Donovan, two women whom Hickey had commissioned to serve as missionaries in El Salvador were later murdered; he kept their photographs on the wall of his private chapel for the rest of his life.[3]

Pope John Paul II promoted Hickey to Archbishop of Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1980. During the 1980s, he lobbied members of the United States Congress to stop sending aid to the Contras in Nicaragua, and pushed his fellow bishops to take strong stands against increased military spending and in favor of nuclear disarmament. He was one of the first American bishops to address the issue of sexual abuse by clergy, which would become a nationwide scandal in 2002.[1]

During the Salvadoran Civil War, Hickey opposed the Reagan administration's support for the military government of El Salvador.[6] In 1981, the Archbishop told the House Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs: "Our position is to oppose military aid and intervention from all outside powers."[6] He feared a Communist takeover in El Salvador but opposed sending military assistance, believing such weapons would strengthen repressive elements in security forces.[6] In 1983, he was dispatched by John Paul II on an apostolic visitation to investigate liturgical abuses in the Archdiocese of Seattle, then led by Raymond Hunthausen.[7] Commenting on the visitation, Hickey said, "It wasn't easy, you know."[7]

John Paul II created Hickey Cardinal Priest of Santa Maria Madre del Redentore a Tor Bella Monaca in the consistory of June 28, 1988. Hickey was, at that point, one of thirteen Americans in the College of Cardinals. That same year, he was invited to lead a retreat for the pope and his household.[1] Within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, he served as Chairman of the Committee on Doctrine (1979–81), of the Committee on Human Values (1984–1987), and of the Committee on the Pontifical North American College (1989–1991; 1994–1997).[3]

His tenure in Washington oversaw a significant expansion of Catholic Charities, which became the region's largest private social service agency, and the establishment of the Archdiocesan Health Care Network; Archdiocesan Legal Network, which provide millions of dollars in pro bono care for the region's low income residents; Birthing and Care, which provides pre-natal, delivery and post-natal medical care to women in financial need; Faith in the City, an initiative designed to revitalize inner-city Catholic schools; Victory Housing, which develops assisted and independent living for senior citizens.[3] In conjunction with Mother Teresa, the Archbishop also founded a Washington convent of the Missionaries of Charity for the care of the homeless and terminally ill.[3] He once declared, "We serve the homeless not because they are Catholic, but because we are Catholic. If we don't care for the sick, educate the young, care for the homeless, then we cannot call ourselves the church of Jesus Christ."[1]

Hickey resigned as archbishop on November 21, 2000, after twenty years of service.[4]

He ordered New Ways Ministry, an unapproved ministry for gay and lesbian Catholics which rejects the Church's teaching on homosexuality, to cease operations in the Washington archdiocese in the early 1980s, and forced Georgetown University to stop Dignity, another organization for gays and lesbians, from having Masses on the campus in 1987.[1]

He also complained about liturgical abuses at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown, even sending auxiliary bishop William E. Lori to investigate the Jesuit-run parish.[8]

He halted archdiocesan funding for a crisis pregnancy center in College Park, MD after it declined to stop dispensing contraceptives.[1]

As chancellor of The Catholic University of America, Hickey handled the ouster of Charles Curran from the university's faculty in 1987.[9] In 1989, he excommunicated the schismatic African American priest, George Augustus Stallings, after the latter abandoned the Catholic Church to form his own religious congregation.[10]

Hickey and Rev. Michael Peterson, a gay psychiatrist dying from AIDS on whom the Cardinal had relied for advice in treating pedophile priests, wrote a joint letter in 1987 to the American bishops acknowledging Peterson's diagnosis; Hickey wrote, "Father Peterson's illness reminds us in a personal way of the terrible human tragedy of AIDS in our midst. His suffering challenges us to reach out with renewed conviction and compassion to those with AIDS and their families and friends."

In early 2000, following on the Pope's calls for Catholics to oppose capital punishment, Hickey appealed to Maryland Governor Parris Glendening to commute the death sentence of Eugene Colvin-El.[1]