Jíbaro

As early as 1820, Miguel Cabrera identified many of the Jibaro's ideas and characteristics in his set of poems known as The Jíbaro’s Verses. Then, some 80 years later, in his 1898 book Cuba and Porto Rico, Robert Thomas Hill listed jíbaros as one of four socio-economic classes he perceived existed in Puerto Rico at the time: "The native people, as a whole, may be divided into four classes: the better class of Creoles, who call themselves Spaniards; the lower class of white peasantry, known as gibaros; the colored people, or mestizos; and the blacks."[1]

Under Operation Bootstrap Puerto Rico experienced an island-wide shift from an agrarian to a cosmopolitan society. Industries incorporated cheap labor, which led to the migration of many Jíbaros from the mountain towns to the larger urban areas.[2]

Jíbaros had a significant impact on the culture, political life, and language of Puerto Rico. Jíbaros were viewed differently by different Puerto Ricans.

A jibaro on a horse

In the political arena, when Luis Muñoz Marín ran for office, he often invoked the Jíbaro as a means of uniting the working class of Puerto Rico under a populist party. To his own political gain, he sought to represent them as possessing ideals of hard-working Puerto Ricans. Muñoz Marín also adopted as the symbol of his party the silhouette of a Puerto Rican farmer with a pava,[3] the straw hat that field laborers often wore. It served to bolster their image as that of a proud people who worked and toiled the land to earn an honest living. Simultaneously, Muñoz Marín developed as his party's motto the phrase "Pan, Tierra, Libertad" (Bread, Land, Liberty). Muñoz Marín himself, in an attempt to court the votes of the large segment of the electorate represented by the Jíbaro population, at times dressed like his portrayals of the Jíbaro. By idealizing the Jíbaro, Luis Muñoz Marín was also able to captivate the attention and goodwill of much of the cultural elite of Puerto Rico because many of them viewed Jíbaros as the "essence of the Puerto Rican soul". His campaign, in effect, portrayed the Jíbaro through a lens of whiteness, much like Manuel A. Alonso had done before.[4]

In 1941, Oscar Colón Delgado created Jíbaro Negro (black jíbaro) which represents a dark-skinned "jíbaro farmer".[5]

Andrés Jiménez, "el Jíbaro", a Puerto Rican troubadour, would work on changing that perception with his song describing "El Puertorriqueño" as having a dark skin tone.[6]

The jíbaro values and way of life are oftentimes associated with the rich heritage and positive culture of Puerto Rico, as well as with the authenticity, resourcefulness and craftsmanship of the Puerto Rican people. These values and way of life include a sense of community, family, and hospitality. From young, children were taught to contribute to the family by, for example, assisting with cleaning and cooking family meals, and for older children, by ironing their own school clothes and polishing their own shoes. Some children were encouraged to look for ways to make money in order to buy anything that was not deemed a “need”.[7] The values taught included respect for hard work, the importance of being resourceful, and an understanding of the values of unity, determination and integrity.[8]

The Puerto Rican Cuatro, a staple of Jibaro music

The Jíbaro "subculture" is also characterized by its own typical Puerto Rican folks music, commonly termed "Jíbaro music".[9] "Jíbaro music and dance was the principal musical expression of the humble and hardworking mountain people who worked the coffee plantations and inland farms of Puerto Rico."[10] This genre of music goes by different names, all of which refer to the same genre: typical music, mountain music, peasant music, Puerto Rican hillbilly music, or jibaro music.[11] Ramito is said to be the greatest proponent and interpreter of the jíbaro music.[12][11] Odilio Gonzalez, a singer of jíbaro music and original from the mountain town Lares, adopted the pseudonym of "El Jíbaro de Lares" (the Jíbaro from Lares), and published many LPs with the name proudly plastered prominently on their covers.

Jíbaro music is characterized by the use of the cuatro, guitar, and güiro. Maracas, bongos, congas and cowbells are also commonly used in addition to the three base instruments. There are 3[lower-alpha 1] sub-genres of the jíbaro music: seis (introduced by Spanish colonizers), aguinaldo (traditional Christmas songs), and corridos.[13][14] Jíbaro music is most commonly heard during the Christmas season, but it is also played at weddings, birthdays, and at fiestas patronales throughout the year.[15]

External audio

You may listen to Jibaro Music at "Jibaro Radio" Here.

The traditional jibaro tostones on a contemporary ceramic dish

Plantains were the jibaro's "daily bread", and its mature fruit could serve as bread and the unripe fruit could be eaten roasted or baked.[16] Many other foods are derived from plantains, including today's mofongo, maduros, and tostones, and plantains are also a base ingredient in pasteles.

Much of what is commonly considered authentic Puerto Rican food today actually had its roots in the foods typically prepared and consumed by the jíbaro Puerto Rican of the mountain countryside. "mountains in the countryside, authentic food and jíbaro music go perfectly together."[17] The Jíbaro mode of preparation also differed from how today's authentic Puerto Rican foods are prepared, as Jíbaros prepared their food making regular use of stone stoves and rod-grilled (known as a la varita).[18]

Some of the more common traditional dishes are Asopao (a thick soup of rice and chicken), pasteles and mofongo.[19] Some jíbaro songs tell of jíbaros consuming "viandas and bacalao" as one of their daily staples.[lower-alpha 2][20][21] When jibaros settled on coastal town, some variations of their original foods developed, for example, asopao was then also made with seafood instead of chicken. Plantain, a common cultivar in the jíbaro residential fincas (farms), was the basis of various dishes or side dishes, such as tostones.[22]

Jose A. Mari Mut tells us that the traditional clothing of jíbaro men consisted of a long-sleeved white shirt and white pants, a fringe-less hat, and no shoes. According to him, the jíbaro woman ("jíbara") would also usually dress in white with a long shirt, shoulders and neck often covered, and would sometimes wear a hat or a bandana as a hair cover. She too, would wear no shoes. The custom of not wearing shoes was not associated with poverty. Many instances of jíbaros were documented by American photographer Walter B. Townsend—both in writing and via his photographs—who were adequately dressed but wearing no shoes. The custom is thus attributed to comfort and convenience. Young jíbaro toddler boys would oftentimes be seen at their home naked, even while the jíbaro family hosted visitors. But the notion that this custom was also true for girls, or that jíbaro boys went to school naked, was debunked by over 3,000 pictures that Townsend took throughout Puerto Rico in 1900.[23]

A Cockfighting club in Puerto Rico in 1937.

A jíbaro's almost exclusive form of entertainment was cock-fighting. The pastime was performed mostly on Sunday afternoons, but saint days, feast days, or any other festive holidays would bring out particularly huge crowds to the event. Every town in Puerto Rico would have at least one cock-fighting pit. The upper classes of society would sometimes come to one of these events, but would not ordinarily be participants. Unlike the birds in the United States which were outfitted with metal razor-sharp blades strapped to their legs, Puerto Rico jíbaros fought their cocks with their own gaffs.[24]

Many jíbaros were self-subsistence farmers, but there were also those who owned no land but instead worked as agricultural land tenants, sharecroppers, and fieldworkers of various types.[25] Some of those that did own their own plot of land would were also farmer-salesmen who would grow enough crops to sell in the towns near their farms in order to purchase clothing, etc.. Their crops would consist of whatever the land would grow: bananas, plantains, avocados, ñames, yautías, batatas, yucas, malangas, apio, etc. However, chickens, hens, eggs, and even charcoal were also traded.[26]

The Jibaro population was also the main component of many of the struggles against the ruling colonial powers in the Island. They were the primary driving force in revolutions in Puerto Rico against the Spaniards, including the well-known 1868 Grito de Lares (Cry of Lares). Even after that revolution failed, the Jíbaro were credited with keeping the spirit of Puerto Rican freedom alive through other revolts including the 1897 Intentona de Yauco. After the Americans became the new colonial power in Puerto Rico in 1898, many Jíbaros organized Bandas Sediciosas (Seditious Bands) to protest American colonial rule. Jíbaros continued their struggle against American rule in Puerto Rico via the 1930s armed clashes of members of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico against the repressive police forces of the colonial regime and via the Nationalist Party's revolts of 1950.[27]

Maratón del Jibaro (a festival called Marathon of the Jíbaro), mural in Morovis barrio-pueblo, Puerto Rico

Since at least the 1920s[28] the term "jíbaro" has had a more positive connotation in Puerto Rican culture, being now associated with a proud cultural heritage passed down to contemporary generations by the first brave settlers of the Puerto Rican interior mountains and countryside.[29] However, the term occasionally also has a negative connotation. A jíbaro can mean someone who is considered ignorant or impressionable due to a lack of a more formal form of education, as are many country or "hillbilly" people of several other countries.[30] Despite this negative connotation, the primary image is now that of the a person representing the idea of a "traditional Puerto Rican": simple but hard-working, independent but prudently wise. Colloquially, the jíbaro imagery serves as a representation of the roots of the modern day Puerto Rican people and symbolizes the strength of traditional values such as living simply and properly caring for the family and the homeland.[31]

There are many songs about the Puerto Rican jíbaro or, more dearly, the jíbarito, the diminutive of jíbaro. Lamento Borincano by Rafael Hernandez is one of them. Others are "Aguinaldo Jibaro" by Los Pleneros de la 21 & El Quinteto Criollo; El Jibarito Bruto (Seis Villaran) and Un Jíbaro Bueno, both by Chuito el de Bayamon (aka, "El Decano de los Cantores"); Jibarita de mi Tierra by Andres Jimenez; Un Jibaro en San Juan and Negando Su Idioma, both by Odilio Gonzalez.

• In Cuba there exists a word similar to jíbaro, Guajiro.[32]
• In Colombia, Brazil and Venezuela, Xivaro, or Gibaro, which is pronounced similar to jíbaro, was a name given to the mountain natives of mentioned countries by the Spaniards and Portuguese.[33]
• In Ecuador, givaro is the indomitable indigenous or country persons who are endlessly elusive to the white man.[32]
• In Peru, the word jíbaro refers to country or mountain inhabitants.

• Stavans, Ilan, Latin Music: Musicians, Genres, and Themes. ABC-CLIO. 2014. ISBN 0313343969 [Book]
• El Jibaro. Puerto Rico Off The Beaten Path. Page 157. Accessed January 16, 2011.
• Puerto Rico: la gran mentira. 2008. Uahtibili Baez Santiago. Huana Naboli Martinez.
• Francisco Lopez Cruz, "La Music Folklorica de Puerto Rico", Troutman Press 1967. [Book]
• Smithsonian Folkways, "Puerto Rico in Washington", 1989. [CD]
• Paquita Pescador de Umpierre, "Manual de Bailes Folkloricos", Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1981. [Book]
• Manuel Alvarez Nazario. El Habla Campesina Del Pais / The Peasant Language of the Country: Origenes Y Desarrollo Del Espanol En Puerto Rico / Origins and Development of the Spanish Language in Puerto Rico. La Editorial, UPR. 1990.ISBN 978-0-8477-3635-5.

• La construcción literaria de la identidad de Puerto Rico: El país de cuator voces. Lisa Ybonne Figueroa Parker. University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

The Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. Doctoral Dissertation # l5-2013. May 2013.

Spanish Wikisource has original text related to this article: Manuel Antonio Alonso Pacheco

• Jibarito
• Yomo Toro
• Cachi Cachi music
• La Carreta

• The Library of Congress photographs tagged with the word "Jibaros"