Highway 61 Revisited (song)

Highway 61 runs from Duluth, Minnesota, where Bob Dylan grew up in the 1940s and 1950s down to New Orleans, Louisiana. It was a major transit route out of the Deep South particularly for African Americans traveling north to Chicago, St Louis and Memphis, following the Mississippi River valley for most of its 1,400 miles (2,300 km).

The junction of highway 61 and highway 49 in Mississippi is said to be the infamous "crossroads" where bluesman Robert Johnson allegedly sold his soul to the devil in exchange for talent and fame.

The song has five stanzas. In each stanza, someone describes an unusual problem that is ultimately resolved on Highway 61. In Verse 1, God tells Abraham to "kill me a son".[2] God wants the killing done on Highway 61. This stanza refers to Genesis 22, in which God commands Abraham to kill one of his two sons, Isaac. Abram, the original name of the biblical Abraham, is the name of Dylan's own father. Verse 2 describes a poor fellow, Georgia Sam, who is beyond the helping of the welfare department. He is told to go down Highway 61. Georgia Sam may be a reference to Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell, who occasionally went by Georgia Sam when recording.

In the third verse, a "Mack the Finger" has this problem of getting rid of particular absurd things: "I got forty red white and blue shoe strings / And a thousand telephones that don't ring". "Louie the King" solves the problem with Highway 61. Verse 4 is about the "fifth daughter" who on the "twelfth night" told the "first father" that her complexion is too pale. Agreeing, the father seeks to tell the "second mother," but she is with the "seventh son," on Highway 61. The inspiration for this verse may be drawn from the enumeration pattern at the beginning of the Old Testament book of Ezekiel.

The fifth and last verse is the story of a bored gambler, trying "to create the next world war." His promoter tells him to "put some bleachers out in the sun / And have it on Highway 61." There is an evident political undertone in this absurd tale.

There is a pause in each verse while Dylan waits for some event in the story to finish; in the third verse, for example, the pause occurs while Louie the King attempts to resolve the shoestring-and-telephones problem.

At the opening of the song, and between each verse, Dylan is heard blowing a siren whistle brought in by Sam Lay who was drummer on the Highway 61 sessions as noted by Tony Glover in the liner notes to Live 1966.[4] Other accounts say that the whistle was brought in by Al Kooper. It is said that he had originally brought in the siren whistle to police the sessions. Supposedly, if someone were to begin doing drugs he would go into a corner and blow on the whistle. He later suggested to Dylan that he use the whistle in this song instead of his harmonica.[5]

In 1969, Johnny Winter covered "Highway 61 Revisited" on his second Columbia release, Second Winter. Winter's rendition is regarded as "a career-defining track," and the song continued as a staple of his live performances.[6] A 10-minute version of the song appears on his 1976 live album, Captured Live!, and he also performed it live in 1992 for The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration album, which saluted Dylan's three decades as a recording artist.[7][8]

Ex-Dr Feelgood guitarist Wilko Johnson included "Highway 61 Revisited" in his concert sets in the late 1970s and released a live recording of the song on an EP given away with his 1978 album Solid Senders. The recording now forms part of the album's CD release.[9] In 1987, Dr Feelgood also covered the song for their album Classic, a track AllMusic describes as "utterly inspired."[10]

The song has been recorded by P.J. Harvey on her 1993 album Rid of Me. Paste magazine selected this version as the 15th best cover of a Dylan song of all time, while also paying homage to "Johnny Winter's classic electric-blues version."[11]

"Highway 61 Revisited" has been covered by Billy Joel. The song highlights a selection of covers that appear on his 2005 box set My Lives.[12]

John Waite covered the song on his 2007 album "Downtown: Journey of a Heart"[13]

• William Friedkin's 2003 film The Hunted opens with a reading of "Highway 61 Revisited"'s first verse by Johnny Cash[14]
• In 2007, Karen O contributed vocals to a version of the song for the I'm Not There film soundtrack, backed by an all-star ensemble dubbed the Million Dollar Bashers[15]

• "Highway 61 Revisited" lyrics from bobdylan.com
• Review by William Ruhlmann in AllMusic