Hearing Voices Movement

The Hearing Voices Movement (HVM) is the name used by organizations and individuals advocating the "hearing voices approach",[1] an alternative way of understanding the experience of those people who "hear voices". In the medical professional literature, ‘voices’ are most often referred to as auditory verbal hallucinations. The movement uses the term ‘hearing voices’, which it feels is a more accurate and 'user-friendly' term.

The movement was instigated by Marius Romme, Sandra Escher and Patsy Hage[2] in 1987. It challenges the notion that to hear voices is necessarily a characteristic of mental illness.[3][4][5] Instead it regards hearing voices as a meaningful and understandable, although unusual, human variation.[6][7] It therefore rejects the stigma and pathologisation of hearing voices and advocates human rights, social justice and support for people who hear voices that is empowering and recovery focused.[8][9][10] The movement thus challenges the medical model of mental illness, specifically the validity of the schizophrenia construct.[11]

History and tenets

The international Hearing Voices Movement is a prominent mental health service-user/survivor movement that promotes the needs and perspectives of experts by experience in the phenomenon of hearing voices (auditory verbal hallucinations). The main tenet of the Hearing Voices Movement is the notion that hearing voices is a meaningful human experience.[12]

The Hearing Voices Movement regards itself and is regarded by others as being a post-psychiatric organisation.[13][14][15] It positions itself outside of the mental health world in recognition that voices are an aspect of human difference, rather than a mental health problem. One of the main issues of concern for the Hearing Voices Movement is empowerment[16] and human rights as outlined in its Melbourne Hearing Voices Declaration 2013[17] and Thessaloniki Declaration 2014.[18]

The Hearing Voices Movement also seeks holistic health solutions to problematic and overwhelming voices that cause mental distress. Based on their research,[19] the movement espouses that many people successfully live with their voices. In themselves voices are not seen as the problem. Rather it is the relationship the person has with their voices that is regarded as the main issue.[8][20] Research indicates that mindfulness-based interventions can be beneficial for people distressed by hearing voices.[21][22][23]

The Hearing Voices Movement has developed interventions for mental health practitioners to support people who hear voices and are overwhelmed by the experience.[24][25][26][27][28]

Position

The position of the hearing voices movement can be summarised as follows:[19][29]

  • Hearing voices is not in itself a sign of mental illness.
  • Hearing voices is part of the diversity of being a human, it is a faculty that is common (3-10% of the population will hear a voice or voices in their lifetime) and significant.
  • Hearing voices is experienced by many people who do not have symptoms that would lead to diagnosis of mental illness.
  • Hearing voices is often related to problems in life history.
  • If hearing voices causes distress, the person who hears the voices can learn strategies to cope with the experience.
  • Coping is often achieved by confronting the past problems that lie behind the experience.

Theoretical overview

The work of Romme, Escher and other researchers[4][10][30][31][32][33] provides a theoretical framework for the movement. They find that:

  1. Not everyone who hears voices becomes a patient. Over a third of 400 voice hearers in the Netherlands they studied had not had any contact with psychiatric services. These people either described themselves as being able to cope with their voices and/or described their voices as life enhancing.[34]
  2. Demographic (epidemiological) research carried out over the last 120 years provides evidence that there are people who hear voices in the general population (2%-6%) who are not necessarily troubled by them[35][36][37][38][39]). Only a small minority fulfill the criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis and, of those, only a few seek psychiatric aid[40] indicating that hearing voices in itself is not necessarily a symptom of an illness.[41] Even more (about 8%) have peculiar delusions and do so without being ill.
  3. People who cope well with their voices and those who did not, show clear differences in terms of the nature of the relationship they had with their voices.[42]
  4. People who live well with their voice experience use different strategies to manage their voices than those voice hearers who are overwhelmed by them.[19][43]
  5. 70% of voice hearers reported that their voices had begun after a severe traumatic or intensely emotional event[44][45][46][47][48][49] such as an accident, divorce or bereavement, sexual or physical abuse, love affairs, or pregnancy.[50] Romme and colleagues found that the onset of voice hearing amongst a patient group was preceded by either a traumatic event or an event that activated the memory of an earlier trauma.[51][52]
  6. Specifically, there is a high correlation between voice hearing and abuse.[53] These findings are being substantiated further in on-going studies with voice hearing amongst children.[48][54]
  7. Some people who hear voices have a deep need to construct a personal understanding for their experiences and to talk to others about it without being designated as mad.[55]

Romme, colleagues and other researchers find that people who hear voices can be helped using methods such as voice dialoguing[56] cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)[57] and self-help methods.[58]

Romme theorizes a three phase model of recovery:[29]

  • Startling – Initial confusion; emotional chaos, fear, helplessness and psychological turmoil.
  • Organization – The need to find meaning, arrive at some understanding and acceptance. The development of ways of coping and accommodating voices in everyday living. This task may take months or years and is marked by the attempt to enter into active negotiation with the voice(s).
  • Stabilisation – The establishment of equilibrium, and accommodation, with the voice(s), and the consequent re-empowerment of the person.

Alternative to medical model of disability

The Hearing Voices Movement disavows the medical model of disability and disapproves of the practises of mental health services through much of the Western World, such as treatment solely with medication.[59] For example, some service users have reported negative experiences of mental health services because they are discouraged from talking about their voices as these are seen solely as symptoms of psychiatric illness.[60][61][62][63][64] Slade and Bentall conclude that the failure to attend to hallucinatory experiences and/or have the opportunity for dialogue about them is likely to have the effect of helping to maintain them.[65]

In Voices of Reason, Voices of Insanity, Leudar and Thomas review nearly 3,000 years of voice-hearing history.[66] They argue that the Western World has moved the experience of hearing voices from a socially valued context to a pathologised and denigrated one. Foucault has argued that this process can generally arise when a minority perspective is at odds with dominant social norms and beliefs.[67]

Organisation

The Hearing Voices Movement[68] was established in 1987 by Romme and Escher, both from the Netherlands, with the formation of Stichting Weerklank (Foundation Resonance), a peer led support organisation for people who hear voices. In 1988, the Hearing Voices Network was established in England with the active support of Romme.[69] Since then, networks have been established in 35 countries.[70]

INTERVOICE (The International Network for Training, Education and Research into Hearing Voices) is the organisation that provides coordination and support to the Hearing Voices Movement. It is supported by people who hear voices, relatives, friends and mental health professionals including therapists, social workers, nurses, psychiatrists and psychologists.

INTERVOICE was formed in 1997, at a meeting of voice hearers, family members and mental health workers was held in Maastricht, Netherlands to consider how to organise internationally further research and work about the subject of voice hearing. The meeting decided to create a formal organizational structure to provide administrative and coordinating support to the wide variety of initiatives in the different involved countries.

The organisation is structured as a network and was incorporated in 2007 as a non-profit company and charity under UK law. It operates under the name of International Hearing Voices Projects Ltd. The president is Marius Romme and the governing body is made up of people who hear voices and mental health practitioners.[71]

Activities

Hearing Voices Groups

Hearing Voices Groups are based on an ethos of self-help, mutual respect and empathy. They provide a safe space for people to share their experiences and to support one another. They are peer support groups, involving social support and belonging, not necessarily therapy or treatment. Groups offer an opportunity for people to accept and live with their experiences in a way that helps them regain some power over their lives. There are hundreds of hearing voices groups and networks across the world.[72] In 2014 there were more than 180 groups in the UK. These include groups for young people, people in prison, women and people from Black and Minority Ethnic communities.[73][74][75][76][77][78]

World Hearing Voices Congress

INTERVOICE hosts the annual World Hearing Voices Congress. In 2015 the 7th Congress was held in Madrid, Spain, the 2016 Congress will be held in Paris, France. Previous conferences have been held in Maastricht, Netherlands, (2009); Nottingham, England (2010), Savona, Italy (2011), Cardiff, Wales (2012); Melbourne, Australia (2013); Thessaloniki, Greece (2014); Madrid, Spain (2015).

Annual World Hearing Voices Day

This is held on 14 September and celebrates hearing voices as part of the diversity of human experience, It seeks to increase awareness of the fact that you can hear voices and be healthy. It also challenges the negative attitudes towards people who hear voices and the assumption that hearing voices, in itself, is a sign of mental illness.

Website and social media platforms

INTERVOICE maintains several forums on Twitter, Facebook and other social media platforms.

Research committee

INTERVOICE has an international research committee, that commissions research, encourages and supports exchanges and visits between member countries, the translation and publication of books and other literature on the subject of hearing voices and other related extraordinary experiences.[79]

Impact

Appearances in media
  • Hearing Voices, Horizon Documentary, BBC, UK (1995) [80]
  • Angels and Demons directed by Sonya Pemberton, f2003; produced by ABC Commercial, in Enough Rope, Episode 162[81]
  • The Doctor Who Hears Voices, Channel 4, UK [82]
  • The voices in my head TED2013, Filmed February 2013 [83]

Hearing Voices Network Cymru (Wales) maintains a media archive of articles and news items about hearing voices for the last seven years.[84]

A study investigating media reports of the experience of hearing voices found that 84% of the articles in the study contained no suggestion that voice-hearing can be ‘normal’. Half of those that did, put voice-hearing in a religious or spiritual context, for example considering the case of Joan of Arc. Most of the articles (81.8%) connected voice-hearing to mental illness. In some cases, auditory verbal hallucinations were simply equated with insanity.[85]

Criticism of the Hearing Voices Movement

The Hearing Voices Movement has been criticised for its stance on medication and schizophrenia and for promoting non-medical and non-evidence-based approaches to severe mental illnesses in articles by Susan Inman from the Huffington Post, such as "People Who Hear Voices Need Science-Based Advice" in 2013,[86] and "What You're not Hearing About the Hearing Voices Movement" in 2015.[87]

Specific criticisms of the hearing voices approach include:

  • using ideas that don't support science-based ways of understanding illness
  • undermines people's trust in medical help that might be crucial to their wellbeing
  • encourages people to focus on their voices when they may be having a hard time differentiating between what's real and what's not real
  • doesn't recognize the very different needs of people with severe mental illnesses
  • by failing to differentiate between the needs of people who actually have psychotic disorders and those who don't, HVM poses serious risks
  • poses real danger for the substantial number of people who lack insight into their psychotic disorder
  • people struggling with psychotic symptoms shouldn't be advised to emphasize the meaning of auditory hallucinations

Publications
  • Blackman, Lisa (2001). Hearing voices: embodiment and experience. London New York: Free Association Books. ISBN 9781853435331.
  • Coleman, Ron; Smith, Mike (2005) [1997]. Working with voices: victim to victor. Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside: Handsell. ISBN 9780954810344.
  • Downs, Julie, ed. (2001). Starting and supporting voices groups: a guide to setting up and running support groups for people who hear voices, see visions or experience tactile or other sensations. Manchester, England: Hearing Voices Network.
  • Downs, Julie, ed. (2001). Coping with voices and visions: a guide to helping people who experience hearing voices, seeing visions, tactile or other sensations. Manchester England: Hearing Voices Network.
  • James, Adam (2001). Raising our voices: an account of the hearing voices movement. Handsell Publishing. ISBN 9781903199138.
  • Jaynes, Julian (1976). The origin of consciousness and the breakdown of the bicameral mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395207291.
  • Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip (2000). Voices of reason, voices of insanity: studies of verbal hallucinations. London New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415147866.
  • Longden, Eleanor (2013). Learning from the voices in my head. Cambridge: TED Books.
  • McCarthy-Jones, Simon (2012). Hearing voices: the histories, causes, and meanings of auditory verbal hallucinations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139017534.
  • Romme, Marius A.J. (2011). "Accepting and making sense of voices: a recovery-focused therapy plan". In Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (eds.). Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach. Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS). pp. 153–165. ISBN 9780415673303.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (1992). Accepting voices. London: Mind Publications. ISBN 9781874690139.
  • Romme, Marius A.J. (1996). Understanding voices: coping with auditory hallucinations and confusing realities. Runcorn, Cheshire: Handsell Publications. ISBN 9789072551092.
Also published by Rijksuniversiteit Maastricht in the Netherlands.
  • Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (2000). Making sense of voices: the mental health professional's guide to working with voice-hearers. London: Mind Publications. ISBN 9781874690863.
  • Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (2010). Children hearing voices: what you need to know andwhat you can do. Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, UK: Pccs Books. ISBN 9781906254353.
  • Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (2011). Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach. Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS). pp. 129–139. ISBN 9780415673303.
  • Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D.; Dillon, Jacqui; Corstens, Dirk; Morris, Mervyn (2009). Living with voices: 50 stories of recovery. Herefordshire: PCCS Books in association with Birmingham City University. ISBN 9781906254223.
  • Stephens, G. Lynn; Graham, George (2000). When self-consciousness breaks: alien voices and inserted thoughts. Philosophical Pychopathology Series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262194372.
  • Watkins, John (2008) [1998]. Hearing voices: a common human experience. Melbourne, Victoria: Michelle Anderson Publishing. ISBN 9780855723903.

See also

References
  1. McCarthy-Jones, Simon (2012). "The struggle for meanings". In McCarthy-Jones, Simon (ed.). Hearing voices: the histories, causes, and meanings of auditory verbal hallucinations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 346–54. ISBN 9781139017534.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. "Patsy Hague: co-founder". intervoiceonline.org. The International Hearing Voices Network. 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  3. Posey, Thomas B.; Losch, Mary E. (October 1983). "Auditory hallucinations of hearing voices in 375 normal subjects". Imagination, Cognition and Personality. 3 (2): 99–113. doi:10.2190/74V5-HNXN-JEY5-DG7W.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  4. Honig, Adriaan; Romme, Marius A.J.; Ensink, Bernadine J.; Escher, Sandra D.; Pennings, Monique H.A.; deVries, Marten W. (October 1998). "Auditory hallucinations: a comparison between patients and nonpatients". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 186 (10): 646–651. doi:10.1097/00005053-199810000-00009. PMID 9788642.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  5. Johnstone, Lucy (2011). "Voice hearers are people with problems, not patients with illnesses". In Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (eds.). Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach. Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS). pp. 27–36. ISBN 9780415673303.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  6. Hayward, Mark; May, Rufus (1 June 2007). "Daring to talk back: Is the experience of hearing voices ordinary or extraordinary?". Mental Health Practice. 10 (9): 12–15. doi:10.7748/mhp2007.06.10.9.12.c4308.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  7. Woods, Angela; Romme, Marius A.J.; McCarthy-Jones, Simon; Escher, Sandra D.; Dillon, Jacqui (October 2013). "Editorial: special edition: voices in a positive light". Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches. 5 (3): 213–215. doi:10.1080/17522439.2013.843021.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  8. Romme, Marius A.J.; Morris, Mervyn (October 2013). "The recovery process with hearing voices: accepting as well as exploring their emotional background through a supported process". Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches. 5 (3): 259–269. doi:10.1080/17522439.2013.830641.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  9. Longden, Eleanor; Corstens, Dirk; Dillon, Jacqui (2013). "Recovery, discovery and revolution: the work of Intervoice and the hearing voices movement". In Coles, Steven; Keenan, Sarah; Diamond, Bob (eds.). Madness contested: power and practice. Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, UK: PCCS Books. pp. 161–180. ISBN 9781906254438.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  10. Romme, Marius A.J.; Honig, Adriaan; Noorthoorn, Eric O.; Escher, Alexandre Dorothée (July 1992). "Coping with hearing voices: an emancipatory approach". British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 161 (1): 99–103. doi:10.1192/bjp.161.1.99. PMID 1638338.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  11. Romme, Marius A.J.; Morris, Mervyn (2007). "The harmful concept of Schizophrenia: outline for a more helpful and cause related alternative". Mental Health Nursing: The Journal of the Community Psychiatric Nurses Association. 27 (2): 8–12.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  12. Corstens, Dick; Hayward, Eleanor; McCarthy-Jones, Simon; Waddingham, Rachel; Thomas, Neil (July 2014). "Emerging perspectives from the Hearing Voices Movement: implications for research and practice". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 40 (s4): S285–S294. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu007. PMC 4141309. PMID 24936088.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  13. Bracken, Patrick; Thomas, Philip (24 March 2001). "Postpsychiatry: a new direction for mental health" (PDF). British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 322 (7288): 724–727. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7288.724. PMC 1119907. PMID 11264215.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  14. Bracken, Patrick; Thomas, Philip (2005). Postpsychiatry: mental health in a postmodern world. International Perspectives in Philosophy and Psychiatry Series. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198526094.
  15. Stastny, Peter; Lehmann, Peter (2007). Alternatives beyond psychiatry. Berlin / Eugene, Oregon: Peter Lehmann Publishing. ISBN 9780954542818.
  16. Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (1996). "Empowering people who hear voices". In Haddock, Gillian; Slade, Peter D. (eds.). Cognitive-behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders. London: Routledge. pp. 137–150. ISBN 9780415102902.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  19. Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D.; Dillon, Jacqui; Corstens, Dirk; Morris, Mervyn (2009). Living with voices: 50 stories of recovery. Herefordshire: PCCS Books in association with Birmingham City University. ISBN 9781906254223.
  20. Romme, Marius A.J. (2011). "Accepting and making sense of voices: a recovery-focused therapy plan". In Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (eds.). Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach. Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS). pp. 153–165. ISBN 9780415673303.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  21. Strauss, Clara; Thomas, Neil; Hayward, Mark (14 August 2015). "Can we respond mindfully to distressing voices? A systematic review of evidence for engagement, acceptability, effectiveness and mechanisms of change for mindfulness-based interventions for people distressed by hearing voices". Frontiers in Psychology. 6 (1154): 1154. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01154. PMC 4536375. PMID 26321980.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  22. Chadwick, Paul; Hughes, Stephanie; Russell, Daphne; Russell, Ian; Dagnan, Dave (July 2009). "Mindfulness groups for distressing voices and paranoia: a replication and randomized feasibility trial" (PDF). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 37 (4): 403–412. doi:10.1017/S1352465809990166. PMID 19545481.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  23. Thomas, Neil; Hayward, Mark; Peters, Emmanuelle; van der Gaag, Mark; Bentall, Richard P.; Jenner, Jack; Strauss, Clara; Sommer, Iris E.; Johns, Louise C.; Varese, Filippo; García-Montes, José Manuel; Waters, Flavie; Dodgson, Guy; McCarthy-Jones, Simon (July 2014). "Psychological therapies for auditory hallucinations (voices): current status and key directions for future research" (PDF). Schizophrenia Bulletin. 40 (s4): S202–S212. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu037. PMC 4141318. PMID 24936081.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  24. Escher, Sandra (2011). "Useful instruments for exploring hearing voices and paranoia". In Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (eds.). Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach. Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS). pp. 45–58. ISBN 9780415673303.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  25. Beavan, Vanessa; Read, John (March 2010). "Hearing voices and listening to what they say: the importance of voice content in understanding and working with distressing voices". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 198 (3): 201–205. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181d14612. PMID 20215997.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  26. Corstens, Dirk; Escher, Sandra D.; Romme, Marius A.J. (2008). "Accepting and working with voices : the Maastricht approach". In Moskowitz, Andrew; Schäfer, Ingo; Dorahy, Martin J. (eds.). Psychosis, trauma and dissociation: emerging perspectives on severe psychopathology. Chichester, UK Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 319–332. ISBN 9780470699652.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  27. Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (2011). "Managing distressing voice hearing experiences". In Copeland, Mary Ellen (ed.). Wellness recovery action plan (WRAP). West Dummerston, Vermont: Peach Press. pp. 114–118. ISBN 9780979556098.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  28. Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (2000). Making sense of voices: the mental health professional's guide to working with voice-hearers. London: Mind Publications. ISBN 9781874690863.
  29. Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (1992). Accepting voices. London: Mind Publications. ISBN 9781874690139.
  30. Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Alexandre D.M.A.C. (1989). "Hearing voices". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 15 (2): 209–216. doi:10.1093/schbul/15.2.209. PMID 2749184.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  31. Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra; Buiks, Alex; Delespaul, Philippe; van Os, Jim (8 December 2002). "Formation of delusional ideation in adolescents hearing voices: a prospective study". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 114 (8): 913–920. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10203. PMID 12457385.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  32. Escher, Sandra; Romme, Marius A.J.; Buiks, Alex; Delespaul, Philippe (September 2002). "Independent course of childhood auditory hallucinations: a sequential 3-year follow-up study". British Journal of Psychiatry. 181 (43): s10–s18. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.558.9204. doi:10.1192/bjp.181.43.s10. PMID 12271794.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  33. Escher, Sandra; Morris, Mervyn; Buiks, Alex; Delespaul, Philippe; van Os, Jim; Romme, Marius A.J. (July 2004). "Determinants of outcome in the pathways through care for children hearing voices". International Journal of Social Welfare. 13 (3): 208–222. doi:10.1111/j.1369-6866.2004.00315.x.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  34. Escher, Sandra; Romme, Marius A.J. (2012). "The Hearing Voices Movement". In Blom, Jan Dirk; Sommer, Iris E.C. (eds.). Hallucinations: research and practice. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 385–393. ISBN 9781461409595.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  35. Sidgewick, H.; Johnson, A.; Myers, F. W. H.; et al. "(1894) Report on the census of hallucinations. Proceedings of the Society for". Psychical Research. 26: 259–394.
  36. Tien, Allen Y. (November 1991). "Distributions of hallucinations in the population". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 26 (6): 287–292. doi:10.1007/BF00789221. PMID 1792560.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  37. Eaton, William W.; Romanoski, Alan; Anthony, James C.; Nestadt, Gerald James (1991). "Screening for psychosis in the general population with a self-report interview". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 179 (11): 689–693. doi:10.1097/00005053-199111000-00007. PMID 1940893.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  38. Lawrence, Catherine; Jones, Jason; Cooper, Myra (July 2009). "Hearing voices in a non-psychiatric population" (PDF). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 38 (3): 363–373. doi:10.1017/S1352465810000172. PMID 20441666.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  39. Beavan, V.; Read, J.; Cartwright, C. (2011). "The prevalence of voice-hearers in the general population: A literature review". Journal of Mental Health. 20 (3): 281–292. doi:10.3109/09638237.2011.562262. PMID 21574793.
  40. Bijl, R.V.; Ravelli, A.; Van Zessen, G. (1998). "Prevalence of psychotic disorder in the general population: results from the Netherlands mental health survey and incidence study". Social Psychiatry & Epidemiology. 33 (12): 587–596. doi:10.1007/s001270050098. PMID 9857791.
  41. Jardri, Thomas, Cachia & Pins|title=The Neuroscience of hallucinations|year=2013
  42. Sorrell E, Hayward M, Meddings, Interpersonal processes and hearing voices: a study of the association between relating to voices and distress in clinical and non-clinical hearers. S. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2010 Mar;38(2)
  43. The accepting and making sense of hearing voices approach. (2006) Romme Marius and Escher Sandra
  44. Longden, Eleanor; Madill, Anna; Waterman, Mitch G. (November 2011). "Dissociation, trauma, and the role of lived experience: toward a new conceptualization of voice hearing". Psychological Bulletin. 138 (1): 28–76. doi:10.1037/a0025995. PMID 22082488.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  45. Moskowitz, Andrew; Corstens, Dirk (January 2008). "Auditory hallucinations: psychotic symptom or dissociative experience?". Journal of Psychological Trauma. 6 (2–3): 35–63. doi:10.1300/J513v06n02_04.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  46. Romme, Marius AJ, and Sandra DM Escher. "Trauma and hearing voices." Trauma and psychosis: New directions for theory and therapy (2006): 162-191.
  47. Read, J.; Ross, C.A. (2003). "Psychological trauma and psychosis: another reason why people diagnosed schizophrenic must be offered psychological therapies". Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry. 31 (1): 247–268. doi:10.1521/jaap.31.1.247.21938. PMID 12722898.
  48. Read, John; van Os, Jim; Morrison, Anthony P.; Ross, Colin A. (November 2005). "Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 112 (5): 330–350. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00634.x. PMID 16223421.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  49. Romme, M. A. J.; Escher, A. D. M. A. C. (1989). "Hearing voices". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 15 (2): 209–216. doi:10.1093/schbul/15.2.209. PMID 2749184.
  50. Personal links between trauma, distorted emotions and hearing voices (2011) Romme Marius, Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experienced based approach Romme and Escher eds. Routledge
  51. Personal history and Hearing voices (2010) Romme Marius and Escher Sandra, Hallucinations: A quide to treatment and management. Frank Leroi and Andre Aleman (eds) Oxford University press Oxford
  52. "Psychological trauma and psychosis: another reason why people diagnosed schizophrenic must be offered psychological therapies" Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry 31, 247-268.
  53. Andrew, EM; Gray, NS; Snowden, RJ (October 2008). "The relationship between trauma and beliefs about hearing voices: a study of psychiatric and non-psychiatric voice hearers" (PDF). Psychol Med. 38 (10): 1409–17. doi:10.1017/s003329170700253x. PMID 18177529.
  54. Escher, S.; Morris, M.; Buiks, A.; Delespaul, P.; Van Os, J.; Romme, M. (2004). "Determinants of outcome in the pathways through care for children hearing voices". International Journal of Social Welfare. 13 (3): 208–222. doi:10.1111/j.1369-6866.2004.00315.x.
  55. Cockshutt, Graham (2004). "Choices for voices: A voice hearer's perspective on hearing voices". Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 9 (1–2): 9–11. doi:10.1080/13546800344000129. PMID 16571571.
  56. Corstens, Dirk; Longden, Eleanor; May, Rufus (2012). "Talking with voices: Exploring what is expressed by the voices people hear". Psychosis. 4 (2): 95–104. doi:10.1080/17522439.2011.571705.
  57. McLeod, T; Morris, M; Birchwood, M; Dovey, A (2007). "Cognitive behavioural therapy group work with voice hearers. Part 2". Br J Nurs. 16 (5): 292–5. doi:10.12968/bjon.2007.16.5.23005. PMID 17505376.
  58. Ruddle, A; Mason, O; Wykes, T (July 2011). "A review of hearing voices groups: evidence and mechanisms of change". Clin Psychol Rev. 31 (5): 757–66. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.03.010. PMID 21510914.
  59. Honig, Adriaan (1992). "Medication and hearing voices". In Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (eds.). Accepting voices. London: Mind Publications. pp. 235–243. ISBN 9781874690139.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  60. Martin, P. J. (2000). "Hearing voices and listening to those that hear them". Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 7 (2): 135–141. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2850.2000.00276.x. PMID 11146909.
  61. Heard but not seen (1990). Romme, M.A.J. & Escher, A.D.M.A.C. Open Mind No 49, 16-18
  62. 'You don't talk about the voices': voice hearers and community mental health nurses talk about responding to voice hearing experiences. Coffey M, Hewitt J. J Clin Nurs. 2008 Jun;17(12):1591-600.
  63. Jones M, Coffey M. Voice hearing: a secondary analysis of talk by people who hear voices. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2012 Feb;21(1):50-9.
  64. England M. Accuracy of nurses' perceptions of voice hearing and psychiatric symptoms. J Adv Nurs. 2007 Apr;58(2):130-9.
  65. Slade P, Bentall R. Psychological treatments for negative symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement. 1989 Nov;(7):133-5.
  66. The anatomy of hallucinations. Johnson, Fred H. Oxford, England: Nelson-Hall. (1978). xvi 239 pp.
  67. M. Foucault, Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason trans. by R. Howard, (London: Tavistock, 1965) - abridged; History of Madness ed. Jean Khalfa, trans. Jonathan Murphy and Jean Khalfa, (London: Routledge, 2006)
  68. Escher S. Romme M. The Hearing Voices Movement, Chapter 28 page 385 in "Hallucinations" by Jan Dirk Blom and Iris E.C. Sommer, Editors Springer, New York; Dordrecht; Heidelberg; London (2012).
  69. Adam James (201) Raising Our Voices: An Account of the Hearing Voices Movement, Handsell Publishing (2001)
  70. INTERVOICE World Map, google.co.uk; accessed 30 December 2015.
  71. "Meet The Board". intervoiceonline.org. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  73. Meddings, Sara, et al. "Are hearing voices groups effective? A preliminary evaluation." Unpublished manuscript, Sussex, UK. Retrieved from: http://www.intervoiceonline.org/wpcontent/uploads/2011/03/Voiceseval.pdf (2004).
  74. Anna Ruddlea, Oliver Mason, Til Wykes, A review of hearing voices groups: Evidence and mechanisms of change, Clinical Psychology Review Volume 31, Issue 5, July 2011, Pages 757–766, 2011)
  75. Dillon, Jacqui; Longden, Eleanor (2011). "Hearing voices groups: creating safe spaces to share taboo experiences". In Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (eds.). Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach. Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS). pp. 129–139. ISBN 9780415673303.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  76. Chadwick, Paul; et al. (2000). "Challenging the omnipotence of voices: group cognitive behavior therapy for voices". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 38 (10): 993–1003. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00126-6. PMID 11004738.
  77. Chadwick, Paul; et al. (2009). "Mindfulness groups for distressing voices and paranoia: A replication and randomized feasibility trial". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 37 (4): 403–412. doi:10.1017/s1352465809990166. PMID 19545481.
  78. Snelling, Emma (2005). "Hungry researchers: The tensions and dilemmas of developing an emancipatory research project with members of a hearing voices group". Journal of Social Work Practice. 19 (2): 131–147. doi:10.1080/02650530500144584.
  85. Ruvanee P Vilhauer, Depictions of auditory verbal hallucinations in news media, International Journal of Social Psychiatry, May 27, 2014

Further reading

Press

Articles
Also Ensink, Bernardine J. (1992). "Trauma: a study of child abuse and hallucinations". In Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (eds.). Accepting voices. London: Mind Publications. ISBN 9781874690139.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Described in: James, William (1986). "The Census of Hallucinations (1889-1897)". In James, William (ed.). Essays in psychical research. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 56–78. ISBN 9780674267084.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • See also: "Report on the Census of Hallucinations Society for Psychical Research: Chapter XII Death-coincidences". History of Psychiatry. 5 (19): 403–415. September 1994. doi:10.1177/0957154X9400501909.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • and: James, William (January 1895). "Review of Report on the Census of Hallucinations". Psychological Review. 2 (1): 69–75. doi:10.1037/h0068910.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Slade, Peter D. (1994). "Models of hallucination: from theory to practice". In David, Anthony S.; Cutting, John C. (eds.). The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Brain, Behaviour and Cognition Series. Hove, UK Hillsdale, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. pp. 245–254. ISBN 9780863773037.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Slade, Peter D.; Bentall, Richard P. (1988). Sensory deception: towards a scientific analysis of hallucinations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801837609.
  • Tarrier, Nicholas; Harwood, Susan; Yusupoff, Lawrence; Beckett, Richard; Baker, Amanda (October 1990). "Coping Strategy Enhancement (CSE): a method of treating residual schizophrenic symptoms". Behavioural Psychotherapy. 18 (4): 283–293. doi:10.1017/S0141347300010387.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Tiihonen, Jari; Hari, Riitta; Naukkarinen, Hannu; Rimón, Ranan; Jousmäki, Veikko; Kajola, Matti (February 1992). "Modified activity of the human auditory cortex during auditory hallucinations". American Journal of Psychiatry. 149 (2): 255–257. doi:10.1176/ajp.149.2.255. PMID 1734750.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Yusopoff, Lawrence; Tarrier, Nicholas (1996). "Coping strategy enhancement for persistent hallucinations and delusions". In Haddock, Gillian; Slade, P.D. (eds.). Cognitive, behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders. London: Routledge. pp. 86–103. ISBN 9780415102902.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Voice Hearing Prevalence

Voice Hearing and Life Events

Working With Voices

  • Beavan, Vanessa; Read, John (March 2010). "Hearing voices and listening to what they say: the importance of voice content in understanding and working with distressing voices". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 198 (3): 201–205. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181d14612. PMID 20215997.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Corstens, Dirk; Longden, Eleanor; May, Rufus (June 2012). "Talking with voices: exploring what is expressed by the voices people hear". Psychosis. 4 (2): 95–104. doi:10.1080/17522439.2011.571705.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Longden, Eleanor; Corstens, Dirk; Escher, Sandra D.; Romme, Marius A.J. (October 2012). "Voice hearing in biographical context: a model for formulating the relationship between voices and life history". Psychosis. 4 (3): 224–234. doi:10.1080/17522439.2011.596566.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Romme, Marius A.J.; Morris, Mervyn (October 2013). "The recovery process with hearing voices: accepting as well as exploring their emotional background through a supported process". Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches. 5 (3): 259–269. doi:10.1080/17522439.2013.830641.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Stainsby, Matt; Sapochnik, Manuela; Bledin, Ken; Mason, Oliver J. (February 2010). "Are attitudes and beliefs about symptoms more important than symptom severity in recovery from psychosis?". Psychosis. 2 (1): 41–49. doi:10.1080/17522430903144386.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Hearing Voices Groups

  • Dillon, Jacqui; Hornstein, Gail A. (October 2013). "Hearing voices peer support groups: a powerful alternative for people in distress". Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches. 5 (3): 286–295. doi:10.1080/17522439.2013.843020.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Dillon, Jacqui; Longden, Eleanor (2011). "Hearing voices groups: creating safe spaces to share taboo experiences". In Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (eds.). Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach. Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS). pp. 129–139. ISBN 9780415673303.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • May, Rufus; Longden, Eleanor (2010). "Self-help approaches to hearing voices". In Larøi, Frank; Aleman, André (eds.). Hallucinations: a guide to treatment and management. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199548590.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.