Healthcare in Nigeria

Historically, health insurance in Nigeria can be applied to a few instances: free health care provided and financed for all citizens, health care provided by government through a special health insurance scheme for government employees and private firms entering contracts with private health care providers.[6] However, there are few people who fall within the three instances; as at 2015 less than 5% of Nigerians have health insurance coverage.[7]

In May 1999, the government created the National Health Insurance Scheme, the scheme encompasses government employees, the organized private sector and the informal sector. Legislative wise, the scheme also covers children under five, permanently disabled persons and prison inmates. In 2004, the administration of Obasanjo further gave more legislative powers to the scheme with positive amendments to the original 1999 legislative act.[8] The number of Nigerians covered by the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) since its establishment are 1.5 percent of the population. In 2017, the House of Representatives Committee on Health Care Services in Abuja, organized a two-day investigative hearing; where the Minister of Health Isaac Folorunsho Adewole said that the sum of N351 billion had been expended on health management organizations (HMOs) so far without commensurate result.[9]

There is immense private sector participation in the scheme [10] with HMOs like Health Partners HMO, Total Health Trust, Police HMO, Clearline HMO, Multi Shield Nigeria, Expatcare Health International, Oceanic Health Management and Zuma Health Trust.[11]

A new bone marrow donor program, the second in Africa, opened in 2012.[12] In cooperation with the University of Nigeria, it collects DNA swabs from people who might want to help a person with leukemia, lymphoma, or sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life-saving bone marrow transplant. It hopes to expand to include cord blood donations in the future.[12][13][14]

About 80,000 Nigerians die of cancer annually and over 100,000 are diagnosed with cancer annually.[15][16] More people are dying of cancer in Nigeria because cancer and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are not given priority in the country's health budget. There are only seven cancer radiotherapy centres in Nigeria.[14]

Many of the cancer-related deaths in Nigeria can be attributed to a lack of knowledge regarding this family of diseases.[17] Furthermore, a lack of education on both prevention and early detection and a culture which endorses silence and places a negative social stigma on such illnesses has led to more than one-third of preventable cancer deaths.[17][18]

The majority of mental health services is provided by 8 regional psychiatric centers and psychiatric departments and medical schools of 12 major universities. A few general hospitals also provide mental health services. The formal centres often face competition from native herbalists and faith healing centres.

The ratio of psychologists and social workers is 0.02 to 100,000.[19]

In 1989 legislation made effective a list of essential drugs. The regulation was also meant to limit the manufacture and import of fake or sub-standard drugs and to curtail false advertising. However, the section on essential drugs was later amended.[20] In 2005 it was estimated that about 16.7% of pharmaceutical drugs in the country were counterfeit. in 2012 a new study concluded that the proportion had fallen to 6.4%, of which 19.6% were Anti-Malaria medicines. In 2014 that had fallen to 3.6%.[21] About N29 billion worth of counterfeit drugs were destroyed between 2015 – 2017.

Drug quality is primarily controlled by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control. The agency has established a Mobile Authentication Service. A team of girls from the Regina Pacis Secondary School in Onitsha devised a better technological solution, an app called the FD Detector which uses barcode technology to verify drug authenticity and expiration dates. This won them a place in the Technovation Challenge 2018.[22]

Several major regulatory failures have produced international scandals:

• In 1993, adulterated paracetamol syrup entered into the healthcare system in Oyo and Benue State, the end result of was the death of 100 children. A year after the disaster, batches containing poisonous ethylene glycol, the major cause of the deaths, could still be purchased.
• In 1996, about 11 children died of contamination from an experimental trial of the drug trovafloxacin.
• In 2008-2009, at least 84 children died from a brand of contaminated teething medication.[23]

Malian Fulani immigrant selling herbal medicines in a Nigerian market

Healthcare in Nigeria is influenced by different local and regional factors that impacts the quality or quantity present in one location. Due to the aforementioned, the healthcare system in Nigeria has shown spatial variation in terms of availability and quality of facilities in relation to need. However, this is largely as a result of the level of state and local government involvement and investment in health care programs and education. Also, the Nigerian ministry of health usually spend about 70% of its budget in urban areas where around 50% of the population resides.[24]

Retaining health care professionals is an important objective

Migration of health care personnel to other countries is a tasking and relevant issue in the health care system of the country. From a supply push factor, a resulting rise in exodus of nurses may be due to dramatic factors that make the work unbearable and knowing and presenting changes to arrest the factors may stem a tide.[25]

Because a large number of nurses and doctors migrating abroad benefited from government funds for education, it poses a challenge to the patriotic identity of citizens and also the rate of return of federal funding of health care education. The state of healthcare in Nigeria has been worsened by a physician shortage as a consequence of severe 'brain drain'.

Many Nigerian doctors have emigrated to North America and Europe. In 2005, 2,392 Nigeria doctors were practising in the US alone, in UK number was 1,529. Retaining these expensively trained professionals has been identified as an urgent goal. The brain drain cut across all healthcare professionals; thousands of Nigerian pharmacists and nurses are practicing in the UK and USA as well and so on.[26]

Empirical evidences reveal negative impact of commercialisation of public health service delivery on attainment of the MDGs in Nigeria.[27]