Gyorin

Gyorin (lit. "neighborly relations") was a neo-Confucian term developed in Joseon Korea. The term was intended to identify and characterize a diplomatic policy which establishes and maintains amicable relations with neighboring states. It was construed and understood in tandem with a corollary term, which was the sadae or "serving the great" policy towards Imperial China.[1]

Gyorin
Hangul
교린 정책
Hanja
交隣政策
Revised Romanizationkyorin chŏngch'aek
McCune–Reischauergyorin jeongchaek

Confucian learning contributed in the formation of gyorin and sadae as ritual, conceptual and normative frameworks for construing interactions and political decision-making.[2]

Multi-national foreign policy

The rationale expressed by gyorin was applied to a multi-national foreign policy.[3] Scholarly writing about the Joseon dynasty has tended to focus on diplomatic relations with China and Japan, but the intermediary nature of gyorin contacts—for example, Joseon-Ryukyuan diplomatic and trading contacts—were important as well.[4] Envoys from the Ryūkyū Kingdom were received by Taejo of Joseon in 1392, 1394 and 1397. Siam sent an envoy to Taejo's court in 1393.[5]

The long-term, strategic gyorin policy played out in bilateral diplomacy and trade dealings with Jurchen, Japan, Ryūkyū Kingdom, Siam and others.[6] Over time, diplomatic and trade policies were perceived by Joseon's partners as the traditional door through which trends in neo-Confucian philosophical principles were recognized.[7]

The Joseon kingdom made every effort to maintain a friendly bilateral relationship with China for reasons having to do with both realpolitik and a more idealist Confucian worldview wherein China was seen as the center of a Confucian moral universe.[8] Joseon diplomacy was no less aware and sensitive to realpolitik in the implementation of gyorin policy.

The unique nature of gyorin bilateral diplomatic exchanges evolved from a conceptual framework developed by the Chinese. Gradually, the theoretical models would be modified, mirroring the evolution of a unique relationship.[9]

See also

Notes
  1. Yim Min-Hyeok. "The Establishment of Literati Governance Society in Early Joseon, and Its Continuation," The Review of Korean Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2 (June 20050, pp. 223-254.
  2. Steben, Barry D. "The Transmission of Neo-Confucianism to the Ryukyu (Liuqiu) Islands and Its Historical Significance: Ritual and Rectification of Names in a Bipolar Authority Field," p. 54. National University of Singapore.
  3. (in Korean) 사대교린 (조선 외교), Britannica online Korea
  4. Kim, Chun-gil. The History of Korea, pp. 76-77; Oh Youngkyo. "State of Research on the Late Period of the Choson Dynasty," Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine Yonsei University.
  5. Goodrich, L. Carrington et al. (1976). Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644 (明代名人傳), Vol. II, p. 1601.
  6. Kim, pp. 76-77; Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch (RASKB): Yi Sugwang with Vietnamese counterpart Phùng Khắc Khoan in 1597.
  7. Steben, p. 57.
  8. Mansourov, Alexandre Y. "Will Flowers Bloom without Fragrance? Korean-Chinese Relations," Archived 2008-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Harvard Asia Quarterly (Spring 2009).
  9. Toby, Ronald P. (1991). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu, p. 87.

References
  • Goodrich, Luther Carrington and Zhaoying Fang. (1976). Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644 (明代名人傳), Vol. I; Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644 (明代名人傳), Vol. II. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03801-0; ISBN 978-0-231-03833-1; OCLC 1622199
  • Kang, Etsuko Hae-jin. (1997). Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Basingstoke, Hampshire; Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-17370-8; OCLC 243874305
  • Kang, Jae-eun and Suzanne Lee. (2006). The Land of Scholars : Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Paramus, New Jersey: Homa & Sekey Books. ISBN 978-1-931907-37-8; OCLC 60931394
  • Kim, Chun-gil. (2005). The history of Korea. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33296-8; ISBN 978-0-313-03853-2; OCLC 217866287
  • Mansourov, Alexandre Y. "Will Flowers Bloom without Fragrance? Korean-Chinese Relations," Harvard Asia Quarterly (Spring 2009).
  • Oh Youngkyo. "State of Research on the Late Period of the Choson Dynasty," Yonsei University.
  • Steben, Barry D. "The Transmission of Neo-Confucianism to the Ryukyu (Liuqiu) Islands and Its Historical Significance: Ritual and Rectification of Names in a Bipolar Authority Field," National University of Singapore.
  • Toby, Ronald P. (1991). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1951-3
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