Gordoservon

Up to the 20th century, Gordo-Servorum or Gordoservae was commonly equated with nova Juliopolis, which in turn was equated with Gordium (capital of Phrygia) or another place with the same name Gordion, Gordenorum, Gordiu-come(nis), Gordiū-tīchos which became known as Juliopolis (Iuliogordus) according to several 1st-century BCE up to 2nd century CE sources.[1][2][3] William Mitchell Ramsay (1890) connected Justinianopolis-Mela, called Nova Justinianopolis Gordi (680), with the bishoprics of Gordoserboi or Gordoserba in Bithynia, Gordorounia or Gordorinia in Phrygia Salutaris, and Gordou-Kome, the former name of Juliopolis in Galatia, and that an ancient country or district along the Sangarios River was called Gordos. Additionally, he argued that Gordoserba was formed into bishopric by Justinian I in the 6th century.[4] Siméon Vailhé, writing for the Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) considered, like Michel Le Quien, that Juliopolis of Nicaea of Bithynia was identical to Gordoserboi, because otherwise the exact location, titulars, and bishops are unknown; and that it should not be confused with Juliopolis of former Gordium.[5]

In the 7th century, the Byzantine Emperors Constans II (in 657–658) and Justinian II (in 688–689) led expeditions against the Balkan Slavs as far the city of Thessalonica. Many of the conquered tribes were transferred to the Opsikion district of northwestern Asia Minor. Part of those Asia Minor Slavs deserted to the Arabs in 665 and again in 692.[6][7][8] As the name of the city could suggest that among its founders were Serbs,[9][10] some modern scholars consider that the colony was founded by these Slavs, and variously date it to 649,[11][12] 667,[13] 680,[14] or 688–689.[8]

Similarly, in 1129–1130 some Serbs were likely settled in Bithynia by John II Komnenos, due to the mention of a settlement called Servochōria (Greek: Σερβοχώρια) near Nicomedia,[7][15][16] mentioned in the 13th century source Partitio regni Graeci (1204).[6] Some identified Gordoserba with this Servochōria, but the connection is uncertain.[17]

However, Peter Charanis, analyzing the sources on the early Slavs of Asia Minor, noted that the sources are ambiguous on the exact date of migration, especially concerning Constans II, and that the first certain mention of the place is in 692,[7] during the Quinisext Council,[9] where was mentioned Isidore "ἀνάξιος ἐπίσκοπος Γορδοσέρβων τῆς Βιθυνῶν ἐπαρχίας" ("unworthy bishop of Gordoserba of the province of the Bithynians").[2][8] If the settlement is related to the Serbs then it contradicts the date of the Ecthesis of pseudo-Epiphanius (640), a list of cities and bishoprics which mentions Gordoservorum or Gordoserboi in the Metropolis of Nicaea in the province of Bithynia.[9][18] Charanis and other scholars doubt the Slavic-Serbian origin of the city because among the known bishops (Isidoros,[19] Neophytos,[20] Stephanos[1][21]) there are none with Slavic names, and due to the uncertainty around the etymology of the Serbian ethnonym.[7]

Ladislav Zgusta considered that "-serba" has nothing to do with Slavs and pointed to toponyms such as Άνάζαρβος and Ανάζαρβα Καμουή σαρβον (Anazarbus), while Heinrich Kunstmann argued that if Gordoserba and Servochōria are identical then both cannot have a connection to John II Komnenos's activity in the 12th century, and contrary to Zgusta, Servochōria most probably means "Serbian land".[17] Predrag Komatina argued Serbian connection, but denied that "gordo-" derives from Proto-Slavic *gordъ (fortification, city) because Gordos was a name for a district where the settlement was situated and hence the meaning would have been "the place of the Gordos Serbs" rather than "the city of the Serbs".[8]