George Warren Wood

Bebek was a small village 10 miles north of Constantinople on the Bosphorus. Owing to its location (next to the Rumelihisarı on the top right corner of the map shown), the Bebek Seminary provided outreach to the local Greek and Armenian population through skilled trades and manufacturing. (map produced by Joseph von Scheda between 1860 and 1870)

He was ordained a Presbyterian missionary, at Morristown, N.J., on May 20, 1837.[3] With his wife Martha, he served in Singapore East India (May 1838 – June 1840);[2] Smyrna (1842), Trebizond Eyalet in the Ottoman Empire (1842–1843),[4] eight years at Istanbul (March 1842 – July 1850),[2] and associated with the Rev. Cyrus Hamlin in the Bebek Seminary.[5][6] He became in charge of Bebek's Theological department, the first of its kind in Asia Minor[7][8]

In 1850 he returned to the United States.[9] In September [2] 1852 he was elected Corresponding Secretary of the American Board of Foreign Missions in New York City,[10] and continued in this position until 1871.[3]

In Spring 1855, the ABCFM sent Dr. Wood to visit Choctaw Mission in Oklahoma to resolve a crisis over the abolition issue.[11] After arriving in Stockbridge Mission, Wood spent over two weeks days visiting missions including the Goodwater Mission, Wheelock Academy, Spencer Academy, and other mission schools. He met with missionaries to discuss Selah B Treat's June 22, 1848 letter permitting them to maintain fellowship with slaveholders.[12] Ultimately, the crisis was not resolved, and by 1859, the Board cut ties to the Choctaw mission altogether.

In 1856, Dr. Wood published a "Manual of Christian Theology" in Constantinople in association with Dr. H. G. O. Dwight and Rev. Dr. Edward Riggs.[13]

In addition to his other secretarial duties, Wood assisted in presiding over the historic closure and relocation of the original Broadway Tabernacle in New York City in 1857.

In December 1862, Dr. Wood sailed from New York on his way to assist the Western Turkey Mission with his skills in the Armenian language.[14] He stopped in London for several weeks to meet with the Turkish Missions Aid Society and arrived in Constantinople on March 7, 1863. During this time he also visited the Syria Mission. He returned to the United States June 6, 1864.[15]

When the New School Presbyterians withdrew from the American Board, Dr. Wood resumed his missions work in Constantinople for another 16 years from 1871 to 1886.[16] While in Constantinople in 1879, Wood reported Turkish authorities in Amasia brutally persecuting Christian Armenian refugees from Soukoum Kaleh during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78). He was able to coordinate with British Diplomat Edward Malet to bring the matter to the attention of the Sublime Porte, and then to the British foreign secretary Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (the Marquess of Salisbury).[17]

Dr. Wood had four wives over the course of his life.

• Dr. Wood married Martha Maria Johnson (Daughter of Silas & Mary Johnson) on April 24, 1838, and she died in childbirth March 9, 1839.[18]
• He married again Martha Briggs (Daughter of William Briggs of Boston) on December 29, 1841 in Philadelphia, PA. Mary bore four children (Sarah Johnson 1842, George Warren 1844, Louisa Whitehead 1846, and Henry Magie(sp?) 1849) in Turkey before she returned to the USA 1850–1851 on account of health, and died May 13, 1852.[19]
• He married a third time, to Mary C Hastings (daughter of Thomas Hastings[20] of New York City, and widow of Daniel Bond[21] ) on January 18, 1855.[22] Mary died March 4, 1862.
• In 1869, Wood married a fourth time, to Mrs. Sara Ann (McNair) Heylmun, who died August 17, 1901.

Dr. Wood and his 4th wife (S.A. H. Wood) both died in 1901 and are buried together in the Mount Morris City Cemetery in Livingston County, New York.[23][24]

Dr. Wood was survived by one son and one daughter.[2]

G. W. Wood Jr. was born in 1844[25] in Turkey [26] as his father was a missionary there. After graduating from Hamilton College in Upstate New York in 1865,[27] he taught and pursued advanced studies at the college of the City of New York.[28] He graduated from Union Theological Seminary in New York City in 1869.[29]

Wood, Jr. ministered in Charlevoix and Petoskey from 1872 to 1879. During this time period, the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad opened its line north to Petoskey. He returned to Northern Michigan from ~1893 to 1901, where he published the Mackinaw Witness in Mackinaw City.

Rev. Wood, Jr became ordained as a Presbyterian pastor in the Saginaw Presbytery[30] and domestic missionary for the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions in Au Sable and Oscoda in January 1872.[31] He married Harriet Snyder in May 1872 in Iosco County[32] and then arrived in Charlevoix, Michigan in late November 1872.[33] to be appointed a Home Missionary in that place in 1873.[34][35] Wood, Jr. ministered in Charlevoix, Michigan and Bear River, Michigan from January 1874[36] to 1879.[37][28] During 1877–1879, he worked as a colporteur in the same region (reaching mainly homesteaders throughout Emmet County and Charlevoix County)[38] for the American Bible Society rather than for the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions.[39] Wood, Jr. had been a lifetime member of the ABS since at least 1873.[40]

Wood, Jr. ministered in Wolf Point and Poplar Creek in northeastern Montana Territory from 1880 to 1889. In 1878, the Fort Peck Indian Agency had been relocated from what is shown on the map to its present-day location in Poplar because the original agency was located on a flood plain, suffering floods of the Upper Missouri River each spring.

Rail arrived in northeast Montana in 1887. Shown in this 1900 map are the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways. In 1886-8 Wood, Jr. and his son George H. Wood witnessed signing of an agreement between native tribal leaders and the US government which resulted in re-drawing Fork Peck Reservation boundaries in exchange for federal subsidies.[41] Wood left Montana in 1889, the year Montana became a US State.

He was a missionary at the Dakota Mission (Fort Peck/Wolf Point)[42][43] from 1879[44]-1889.[25][45] The first Presbyterian presence on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation began when Wood worked with the Native American (primarily Assiniboine and Sioux) population in 1881 and established a mission day school for children in 1883 on the north bank of the Missouri River, about three-quarters of a mile from present-day Wolf Point.[46] During this period, the natives grappled with the establishment of Camp Poplar River by the 11th Infantry, construction of the Montana Central Railway (later known as the Great Northern Railway), arrival of white settlers, US bans on the Sun Dance and other cultural practices, extinction of the Buffalo in northeast Montana, starvation during extremely harsh winters, and ultimately an agreement with the US government to re-drawing the boundaries of the Fort Peck reservation in exchange for federal subsidies.[41] The Presbyterian community he started there became "Union Church" in 1914 and celebrated its centennial in 2014 as "First Presbyterian Church" in Wolf Point.

In 1892, Wood, Jr. was in Boyne, Michigan publishing a newspaper called "The Ensign"[47] From 1892 to 1893 Wood, Jr. was a home missionary in Lakefield, Michigan in the upper peninsula of Michigan.[25] Starting in 1892,[48] Wood was the editor and publisher of a weekly newspaper at Mackinaw City called the "Mackinaw Witness.

In 1894, Wood hosted Alabama native and missionary, Dr. George A. Weaver, as a fundraiser for the American Sunday School Union in the Mackinaw area.[49]

In 1894 Wood's Witness was listed as the sole newspaper published in Mackinaw City,[50] and continued to be published by him in 1897. "[51] In October 1897, the Cheboygan Democrat profiled the struggling Mackinaw Witness news operation and remarked that Rev Wood and his son George H. Wood were editor and manager respectively. The review noted that the Witness contained much "curious information" including railroad timetables, [lost] "cats and dogs", minor news, Sabbath Readings, New Earth columns, and "snide advertising" for questionable gold mining companies, single tax theory, crank books, and the Scientific American.[52] In November 1897, Wood wrote a letter in the Witness regarding his new colony on Mobile Bay in Alabama called the Fairhope Industrial Association.[53]

The Fairhope colony was established in 1894 between Battles and Dauphne on the Eastern Shore of Mobile Bay. Wood Jr. arrived in the late 1890s and spent over 20 years there. (Map from 1914)

During the Progressive Era, Wood, Jr. moved to Fairhope, Alabama around 1900[54] (as early as 1897[55] or 1898[56]). His daughter Sarah Louise Wood married Fairhope pioneer[57] Clement LeFavre Coleman in 1902,[58] and in 1903, George Wood became a charter member [59] of the Fairhope Single Tax Corporation. He was Secretary of the FSTC in 1905,[60] and was its treasurer from 1908 to at least 1912.[25] In 1912, Wood, Jr.'s biography was listed in Herringshaw's American blue book of biography. As part of the FSTC, Wood became a member of the Fairhope Wharf Company in December 1912[61] and became president of the wharf company in January 1913.[62] Wood, Jr. lived in Fairhope as late as 1919, where he complained to the National Voters' League about extortion by the railway companies.[63] His wife Harriet Snyder Wood, after bearing Wood, Jr. two sons and five daughters,[64] died in Mount Pleasant, Washington, D.C. in 1922.[65] George Warren Wood Jr. died in 1924.[54]