Generational list of programming languages

This is a "genealogy" of programming languages. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Those ancestor languages are listed in alphabetical order. Any such categorization has a large arbitrary element, since programming languages often incorporate major ideas from multiple sources.

For programming languages categorized by generational numbers, see programming language generations.
Programming language
lists

ALGOL based

APL based
  • APL
    • A+
    • J (also under FL)
    • K (also under LISP)
    • NESL
    • PDL (also under Perl)

BASIC based

Batch languages

C based
  • C (also under BCPL)
    • Alef
    • C++
      • Rust (also under Cyclone, Haskell, and OCaml)
      • D
    • C#
      • Windows PowerShell (also under DCL, ksh, and Perl)
    • Cobra (class/object model and other features)
    • Java (see also Java based languages)
    • C--
    • Cyclone
      • Rust (also under C++, Haskell, and OCaml)
    • ColdFusion
    • Go (also under Oberon)
    • Harbour
    • LPC
    • Objective-C (also under Smalltalk)
      • Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Haskell)
    • PCASTL (also under Lisp)
    • Perl
      • Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL, and ksh)
      • S2
      • PHP
      • Ruby (also under Smalltalk)
        • Julia (also under Lisp, Python, ALGOL)
        • Swift (also under Objective-C, Python, and Haskell)
      • PDL (also under APL)
      • Raku
    • Python
      • Julia (also under Lisp, Ruby, ALGOL)
      • Nim (also under Oberon)
      • Swift (also under Ruby, Objective-C, and Haskell)
    • QuakeC
    • tcsh (also under sh)

COBOL based

COMIT based

DCL based
  • DCL
    • Windows PowerShell (also under C#, ksh, and Perl)

ed based
  • ed (programming language)

Eiffel based

Forth based

Fortran based

FP based

HyperTalk based

Java based

JavaScript based

JOSS based

JOSS also inspired features for several versions of BASIC, including Tymshare's SUPER BASIC and DEC's BASIC-PLUS.

Lisp based

ML based

PL/I based

Prolog based

SASL based

SETL based

sh based
  • Sh
    • bash
    • csh (also under C)
    • zsh
    • ksh
      • Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL, and Perl)

Simula based

Tcl based

Others
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