Epithalamus

Epithalamus
	Mesial aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane. Epithalamus labeled in red, by "habenular commissure", "pineal body", and "posterior commissure", with its projection anteriorly consisting stria medullaris
Details
Identifiers
Latin	epithalamus
MeSH	D019261
NeuroNames	292
NeuroLex ID	birnlex_1710
TA	A14.1.08.002; A14.1.08.501
FMA	62009
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

The epithalamus is a (dorsal) posterior segment of the diencephalon. The diencephalon is a part of the forebrain that also contains the thalamus, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.[1] The epithalamus includes the habenular nuclei and their interconnecting fibers, the habenular commissure, the stria medullaris and the pineal gland.

Functions

The function of the epithalamus is to connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain. The epithalamus also serves as a connecting point for the dorsal diencephalic conduction system, which is responsible for carrying information from the limbic forebrain to limbic midbrain structures.[2][3] Some functions of its components include the secretion of melatonin and secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland (by the pineal gland circadian rhythms), regulation of motor pathways and emotions, and how energy is conserved in the body.

A study has shown that the lateral habenula, an epithalamic structure, produces spontaneous theta oscillatory activity that was correlated with theta oscillation in the hippocampus. The same study also found that the increase in theta waves in both lateral habenula and hippocampus was correlated with increased memory performance in rats. This suggests that the lateral habenula has an interaction with the hippocampus that is involved in hippocampus-dependent spatial information processing.[4]

Components

The epithalamus is a tiny structure that comprises the habenular trigone, the pineal gland, and the habenular commissure. It is wired with the limbic system and basal ganglia.

Species that possess a photoreceptive parapineal organ show asymmetry in the epithalamus at the habenula, to the left (dorsal).[5]

Dysfunction

Dysfunction of the epithalamus can be related to mood disorders, such as major depression, schizophrenia and sleeping disorders.[2] Low levels of melatonin will typically give rise to mood disorders.[6]

Calcification of the epithalamus can be linked to periventricular lesions near the limbic system, and lesions of cortico-subcortical pathways that are involved with schizophrenia.[2]

Sleep disorders

The epithalamus is associated with sleep disorders like insomnia revolving around circadian rhythms of sleep wake cycles. The close connection of the epithalamus with the limbic system regulates the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland and the regulation of motor pathways and emotions.[7] The secretion of melatonin happens in a cycle. Secretion is high at night or in the absence of light and low during the day. The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus is responsible for this cycle of secretion from the epithalamus, specifically from the pineal gland.[6] The Circadian timekeeping is driven in cells by the cyclical activity of core clock genes and proteins such as per2/PER2.[7] Gamma-aminobutyric acid and several peptide factors, including cytokines, growth hormone-releasing hormone and prolactin, are related to sleep promotion.[8]

References

Klein, Stephen B.; Thorne, B. Michael (Oct 3, 2006). Biological Psychology. Macmillan. p. 579.
Caputo, Alberto; Ghiringhelli, Laura; Dieci, Massimiliano; Giobbio, Gian Marco; Tenconi, Fernando; Ferrari, Lara; Gimosti, Eleonora; Prato, Katia; Vita, Antonio (13 July 1998). "Epithalamus calcifications in schizophrenia". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 248 (6): 272–276. doi:10.1007/s004060050049. PMID 9928904 – via EBSCOhost.
Sutherland, Robert (Spring 1982). "The dorsal diencephalic conduction system: A review of the anatomy and functions of the habenular complex". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 6 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/0149-7634(82)90003-3. PMID 7041014 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Goutangy, Romain; Loureiro, Michael; Jackson, Jesse; Chaumont, Joseph; Williams, Sylvain; Isope, Philippe; Kelche, Christian; Cassel, Jean-Christophe; Lecourtier, Lucas (27 May 2013). "Interactions between the Lateral Habenula and the Hippocampus: Implication for Spatial Memory Processes". Neuropsychopharmacology. 38 (12): 2418–2426. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.142. PMC 3799061. PMID 23736315.
Concha, ML; Wilson, SW (2001). "Asymmetry in the epithalamus of vertebrates". J. Anat. 199 (1–2): 63–84. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910063.x. PMC 1594988. PMID 11523830.
Samuel, Daniel Silas; Duraisamy, Revathi; Kumar, M. P. Santhosh (January 1, 2019). "Pineal Gland - A mystic gland". Drug Intervention Today. 11 (1): 55–58. ISSN 0975-7619.
Guilding, C.; Hughes, A.T.L.; Piggins, H.D. (2010-09-15). "Circadian oscillators in the epithalamus". Neuroscience. 169 (4): 1630–1639. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.015. ISSN 0306-4522. PMC 2928449. PMID 20547209.
Stenberg, D. (May 2007). "Neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of sleep". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS. 64 (10): 1187–1204. doi:10.1007/s00018-007-6530-3. ISSN 1420-682X. PMID 17364141.