Enterprise systems engineering

Development through adaptation is a way to compromise with the problems and obstacles in complex systems. As time goes by, the environment will change and it needs adaptation in order to develop continuously. To develop through adaption, something experiences different stages. For example, the mobile phone has gone through quite a few adaptations in its evolutionary development from the past. When it first released, the size of a mobile phone was enormous, but as they passed through generations of development phone became smaller. The development of mobile data from 1G to 4G made using phones faster and more convenient.[4] To sum up, this refers to the process of creating diverse and innovative ideas and choices for the enterprise and selecting the one that will be most successful for the next generation.

Strategic technical planning (STP) gives the enterprise the picture of their aim and objectives in the future and also an assessment on the process of organization. It brings a balance of assimilation and modernization to the enterprise. It has different components for STP.[5][6]

• Mission statement
• Needs assessment
• Technology descriptions and goal statement
• Hardware and software requirement
• Budget plan
• Human Resources

It is defined as 'The set of responsibilities and practices exercised by the board and executive management with the goal of providing strategic direction, ensuring that objectives are achieved, ascertaining that risks are managed appropriately and verifying that the organisation’s resources are used responsibly.' according to (CIMA Official Terminology, 2005).[7] Enterprise governance includes two aspects which are corporate governance (conformance) and business governance (performance). It is essential to understand the company and to know what must be done in order to succeed. It allows us to make the right decision on the choice of CEO and executives for the company, and also to identify the risks of the company.[8]

It is a step that searching and looking for key technologies for the enterprise. The aim of this step is to determine and associate all the innovative ideas and choose the technology that are useful for the enterprise to develop in a sustainable way.

We have to identify and look for the trend of the technology to decide what technology the company needs. It is important to understand what each of the technology can be achieved and will the characteristic of the technology fits in the company well. There are loads of technology-based decision need to be taken by the company such as deciding which computers to use, which software is suitable and useful for the company, how to build up a system to back up all the customer data or essential statistics for the company with high security.[10]

It is an analysis method that focus on the essential elements that whole enterprise needs. It is a scheme that target the innovation and evolution of the capabilities.[11] There is a set of essential steps for the analysis. The activities are dependent and it is conducted iteratively.

• Assess Stakeholders Interest – To understand what the stakeholders want and like
• Specify Outcome Spaces – To find solutions for several conditions and the goal for the operations
• Frame Capability Portfolios - To collect all the fundamental elements

• Assess Performance and Cost – To identify the performance and cost in different conditions and find solutions to improve
• Explore concepts – To search for new concepts and transform advanced capabilities
• Determine the need for more variety – To examine the risks and chances and decide whether new ways are needed

• Assess Enterprise Impacts – To investigate the effects on the enterprise in technical and capability aspects
• Examine Evolution Strategies – To explore and construct more strategies and evolution route
• Develop Capability Road map – Road map is a plan for the capability area which includes analysis and decision making which is a tool for assessment and development for the enterprise

The prospective of Enterprise Architecture

It is a model that illustrates the vision, network and framework of an organization. There are four aspects according to Microsoft's Michael Platt which are the prospective of business, application, information and technology.[12] The diagram beside shows that structure of the Enterprise Architecture. The benefits of this step are improvement of the decision making for enterprise, increases the efficiency on the IT aspects and also minimize the loss of the organization.[13]

• Business – The strategies and process by the operation of business
• Application – Interaction and communication along with the process used in the company
• Information – The logical data and statistics that the organization required to run properly and actively
• Technology – The software and hardware and different operation systems that used in the company

All the elements are dependent and rely on each other in order to build the infrastructure.[14]

Enterprise analysis and assessment aim to find out if the enterprise is going to the right direction and help to do the correct decisions for the organization. It is strong advise to link with enterprise opportunity and risk assessment. There are also qualities that are required for this step such as aware of the suitable and capable technologies, to know and understand about C2 (Command and Control) issues and also the background picture of Modeling and simulation.[15]

There are various activities and actions for this event.

1. Multi-scale analysis
2. Early and continuous war fighter operational assessment
3. Lightweight, portable M&S-based C2 capability representations
4. Developmental software versions available for assessment
5. Minimal infrastructure
6. Flexible modeling and simulation (M&S), operator-in-the-loop (OITL), and hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL) capabilities
7. In-line, continuous performance monitoring and selective forensics.

• TSE is composed and constructed by external designer
• It is a stable system which it won't change automatically
• Operation and development are independent with each other
• Most of the components exclude people which therefore people do not play an important role in it
• There are massive machines which have expected conduct

There are differences between TSE and ESE. There are survey results comparing both of them.[18] The survey result shown that TSE and ESE is complementary and interdependent with each other which ESE has a higher rating while TSE could also be a hidden element for ESE. So the combination of TSE and ESE will be ideal for an enterprise in this generation.

It is a system that builds up to meet the requirements and expectations of different stakeholders in the organization. There must be an input device to collect the information and output device to satisfy the information needs.[19]

There are three different aspects for the framework of IESE

1. Functional View
2. Topology View
3. Physical View

Also, there are different rules for the IESE model.[20]

• Interchangeable point of view
• Detailed views and well displayed. Showing the specific method, solution and techniques
• Consistent views
• Supported viewpoints

This is a framework that involves planning, analyzing, mapping and drawing a network of the process for enterprises and stakeholders. Moreover, it creates social value for entrepreneurship and explores and focuses on the social and societal issues. It forms a connection between social enterprise and system engineering. There is a Social Enterprise Systems Engineering V-model, in which two or more social elements are established based on the system engineering framework—for example, more social interface analysis that reviews stakeholders' requirements, and more activities and interactions between stakeholders to exchange opinions.[21]