Empress Xiaoduanwen

Empress Xiaoduanwen
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	孝端文皇后
Simplified Chinese	孝端文皇后
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Xiàoduānwén Huánghòu
Manchu name
Manchu script	ᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠩᡤᠠ; ᡩᠣᡵᠣᠩᡤᠣ; ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ ᡧᡠ; ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣ
Romanization	hiyoošungga doronggo genggiyen šu hūwangheo

Full name
	Borjigit Jerjer; (博爾濟吉特哲哲)
Posthumous name
	Empress Xiaoduan Zhengjing Renyi Zheshun Cixi Zhuangmin Futian Xiesheng Wen; (孝端正敬仁懿哲順慈僖莊敏輔天協聖文皇后)

Empress Xiaoduanwen
Empress Xiaoduanwen
Empress consort of Qing
Tenure	August 1636 – 21 September 1643
Successor	Erdeni Bumba
Empress dowager of Qing
Tenure	21 September 1643 – 28 May 1649
Successor	Empress Xiaohuizhang; Empress Xiaokangzhang
Born	Borjigit Jerjer; (博爾濟吉特哲哲); ᠵᡝᡵᠵᡝᡵ; 31 May 1599; (萬曆二十七年閏四月八日)
Died	28 May 1649 (aged 49); (順治六年四月十八日); Forbidden City
Burial	Zhao Mausoleum
Spouse	Hong Taiji; (m. 1614; died 1643)
Issue	Princess Wenzhuang of the First Rank; Princess Jingduan of the First Rank; Princess Yong'an of the First Rank
Full name
	Borjigit Jerjer; (博爾濟吉特哲哲)
Posthumous name
	Empress Xiaoduan Zhengjing Renyi Zheshun Cixi Zhuangmin Futian Xiesheng Wen; (孝端正敬仁懿哲順慈僖莊敏輔天協聖文皇后)
House	Borjigit (博爾濟吉特; by birth); Aisin Gioro (by marriage)

Empress Xiaoduanwen (31 May 1599 – 28 May 1649), of the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan, personal name Jerjer, was a consort of Hong Taiji. She was seven years his junior.

Life

Family background

Father: Manggusi (莽古思), held the title of a first rank prince (親王)
One elder brother and one younger brother
- First elder brother: Zhaisang (寨桑), held the title of a first rank prince (親王), the father of primary consort Minhui (1609–1641) and Empress Xiaozhuangwen (1613–1688), the paternal grandfather of Consort Jing, and the paternal great grandfather of Empress Xiaohuizhang (1641–1718)
Two younger sisters
- Second younger sister: Dazhe, Dodo's second primary consort
- Third younger sister: Empress Jingxiaoyi (d. 1650), Dorgon's fifth primary consort

Wanli era

The future Empress Xiaoduanwen was born on the eighth day of the intercalary fourth lunar month in the 27th year of the reign of the Wanli Emperor, which translates to 31 May 1599 in the Gregorian calendar.

On 28 May 1614, Lady Borjigit married Hong Taiji and became one of his multiple wives.

Tianming era

In 1623, Hong Taiji divorced his second primary consort, and elevated Lady Borjigit to the position.

Lady Borjigit's niece, Bumbutai, the future Empress Xiaozhuangwen, would marry Hong Taiji in March or April 1625.

Lady Borjigit gave birth in 1625 to Hong Taiji's second daughter, Princess Wenzhuang of the First Rank, on 2 August 1628 to his third daughter, Princess Jingduan of the First Rank, and on 7 October 1634 to his eighth daughter, Princess Yong'an of the First Rank.

Another niece, Harjol, the future primary consort Minhui, would marry Hong Taiji on 6 December 1634.

Chongde era

When Hong Taiji conferred titles on his five primary spouses in August 1636, he instated Lady Borjigit as his empress.

Shunzhi era

Following Hong Taiji's death on 21 September 1643, Lady Borjigit was honoured as "Mother Empress, Empress Dowager" by the Shunzhi Emperor, Hong Taiji's ninth son and successor. The emperor's birth mother, Bumbutai, was similarly honoured as "Holy Mother, Empress Dowager".

Lady Borjigit died on 28 May 1649 and was interred in the Zhao Mausoleum. She was posthumously honoured with the title "Empress Xiaoduanwen".

Titles

During the reign of the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620):
- Lady Borjigit (from 31 May 1599)
- Secondary consort (側福晉; from 28 May 1614[1])
During the reign of Nurhaci (r. 1616–1626):
- Primary consort (大福晉; from 1623)
During the reign of Hong Taiji (r. 1626–1643):
- Empress (皇后; from August 1636[2])
During the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1643–1661):
- Empress Dowager (皇太后; from 21 September 1643[3])
- Empress Xiaoduanwen (孝端文皇后; from 1649)

Issue

As primary consort:
- Princess Wenzhuang of the First Rank (固倫溫莊公主; 1625–1663), personal name Makata (馬喀塔), Hong Taiji's second daughter
  - Married Ejei (d. 1641) of the Chahar Borjigit clan on 16 February 1636
  - Married Abunai (阿布奈; 1635–1675) of the Chahar Borjigit clan in 1645
- Princess Jingduan of the First Rank (固倫靖端公主; 2 August 1628 – June/July 1686), Hong Taiji's third daughter
  - Married Kitad (奇塔特; d. 1653) of the Khorchin Borjigit clan in 1639
- Princess Yong'an of the First Rank (固倫永安公主; 7 October 1634 – February/March 1692), Hong Taiji's eighth daughter
  - Married Bayasihulang (巴雅斯護朗) of the Khorchin Borjigit clan in 1645

In fiction and popular culture

Portrayed by Mang Lai-ping in The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty (1987)
Portrayed by Wu Qianqian in Xiaozhuang Mishi (2003)
Portrayed by Wang Yanhui in Rule the World (2017)

Notes

萬曆四十二年四月二十日
崇德元年七月
崇德八年八月九日

References

Hummel, Arthur W. (1943). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912). United States Government Printing Office.
Wan, Yi; Shuqing, Wang; Yanzhen, Lu; Scott, Rosemary E. (1988). Daily Life in the Forbidden City: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912 (Illustrated ed.). Viking. ISBN 0670811645.
Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese). Volume 214.

Chinese royalty
Empress Xiaoduanwen House of Borjigin (Боржигин) (1206–1649)
Preceded by Empress Xiaocigao	Empress of the Qing dynasty (Empress of the Qing dynasty but never Empress of China) 1636 – 21 September 1643	Succeeded by Consort Jing (As Empress of both China and the Qing dynasty)
Preceded by Empress Dowager Xiaochun	Empress Dowager of China 21 September 1643 – 1649	Succeeded by Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang

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[1] 萬曆四十二年四月二十日

[2] 崇德元年七月

[3] 崇德八年八月九日