Dyrrhachium (theme)

The exact date of the theme's establishment is unclear; a strategos of Dyrrhachium is attested in the Taktikon Uspensky of c. 842, but several seals of strategoi dating from the previous decades survive. J.B. Bury proposed its creation alongside the themes of the Peloponnese and Cephallenia in the early 9th century, with the historian Jadran Ferluga putting the date of its establishment in the reign of Emperor Nikephoros I (r. 802–811).[1][2][3] Its boundaries are not very clear. To the north, it abutted the Theme of Dalmatia and the Serbian principality of Duklja, and the Theme of Nicopolis to the south. The theme covered the coast in between, but how far inland it extended is uncertain: according to Konstantin Jireček, it reached as far as Drivast and Pulati in the north, and Berat in the centre, and bordered the Slav-inhabited lands of the Upper Devoll and Ohrid in the south.[4] During the Byzantine–Bulgarian wars of the late 10th and early 11th centuries, the city seems to have been autonomous or at times under Bulgarian suzerainty.[1]

From the mid-11th century on, its governor held the title of doux or katepano.[1] In 1040–1041, the troops of the theme, under their leader Tihomir, rebelled and joined the revolt of Peter Delyan.[5]

During the late 11th and the 12th centuries, the city of Dyrrhachium and its province were of great importance to the Byzantine Empire. The city was the "key of Albania" and the main point of entry for trade but also for invaders from Italy, and was ideally placed to control the actions of the Slavic rulers of the western Balkans. Thus the doux of Dyrrhachium became the senior-most Byzantine authority throughout the western Balkan provinces. Two successive governors, Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder and Nikephoros Basilakes, used this post as a launchpad for their imperial ambitions in the late 1070s. The region also played a crucial role in the Byzantine–Norman Wars, being occupied by the Normans in 1081–1084. After its recovery, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos entrusted the command of the theme to some of his closest relatives.[2][6][7] Nevertheless, the city magnates (archontes) retained considerable influence and autonomy of action throughout, and it was they who in 1205, after the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, surrendered the city to the Venetians.[8]

• Unnamed strategos of Dyrrhachium during Leo Choirosphaktes' embassy to Bulgaria (896/904)[9]
• Leo Rhabdouchos, protospatharios and strategos of Dyrrhachium in 917[10]
• Constantine, imperial spatharios and strategos of Dyrrhachium (8th/9th-century seal)[11]
• Niketas Pegonites, patrikios and strategos of Dyrrhachium until 1018[12]
• Eustathios Daphnomeles, strategos of Dyrrhachium from 1018[12]
• Basil Synadenos, strategos of Dyrrhachium until c. 1040[13]
• Michael Dermokaites, strategos of Dyrrhachium from c. 1040[13]
• Michael, patrikios and katepano of Dyrrhachium c. 1043[14]
• Perenos, doux of Dyrrhachium c. 1064[14]
• Michael Maurex, vestarches and katepano of Dyrrhachium (seal dated to the 1060s/early 1070s)[11]
• Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder, doux of Dyrrhachium in 1075–1077[15]
• Nikephoros Basilakes, protoproedros and doux of Dyrrhachium in 1078[16]
• George Monomachatos, doux of Dyrrhachium in 1078–1081[14]
• George Palaiologos, 1081
• John Doukas, doux of Dyrrhachium in 1085–1092[17]
• John Komnenos, sebastos and doux of Dyrrhachium in 1092–1106[18]
• Alexios Komnenos, 1106 – after 1108
• Pirogordus [Pyrrogeorgios?], doux of Dyrrhachium early in the reign of John II Komnenos and George I of Duklja[19][8]
• Alexios Kontostephanos, doux of Dyrrhachium in the second quarter of the 12th century, during the reign of John II Komnenos and George I of Duklja[19][8]
• Alexios Bryennios, doux of Dyrrhachium and Ohrid, probably sometime between 1148 and 1156 [20]
• Alexios Doukas, mid-12th century[8]
• Constantine Doukas, c. 1171[8]
• Unnamed doux of Dyrrhachium in 1203[11]