Solenoidal vector field

The divergence theorem gives an equivalent integral definition of a solenoidal field; namely that for any closed surface, the net total flux through the surface must be zero:

${\displaystyle \ \ \ \mathbf {v} \cdot \,d\mathbf {S} =0}$,

where ${\displaystyle d\mathbf {S} }$ is the outward normal to each surface element.

The fundamental theorem of vector calculus states that any vector field can be expressed as the sum of an irrotational and a solenoidal field. The condition of zero divergence is satisfied whenever a vector field v has only a vector potential component, because the definition of the vector potential A as:

${\displaystyle \mathbf {v} =\nabla \times \mathbf {A} }$

automatically results in the identity (as can be shown, for example, using Cartesian coordinates):

${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {v} =\nabla \cdot (\nabla \times \mathbf {A} )=0.}$

The converse also holds: for any solenoidal v there exists a vector potential A such that ${\displaystyle \mathbf {v} =\nabla \times \mathbf {A} .}$ (Strictly speaking, this holds subject to certain technical conditions on v, see Helmholtz decomposition.)

Solenoidal has its origin in the Greek word for solenoid, which is σωληνοειδές (sōlēnoeidēs) meaning pipe-shaped, from σωλην (sōlēn) or pipe. In the present context of solenoidal it means constrained as if in a pipe, so with a fixed volume.

• The magnetic field B (see Maxwell's equations)
• The velocity field of an incompressible fluid flow
• The vorticity field
• The electric field E in neutral regions (${\displaystyle \rho _{e}=0}$);
• The current density J where the charge density is unvarying, ${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho _{e}}{\partial t}}=0}$.
• The magnetic vector potential A in Coulomb gauge

• Longitudinal and transverse vector fields
• Stream function
• Conservative vector field

• Aris, Rutherford (1989), Vectors, tensors, and the basic equations of fluid mechanics, Dover, ISBN 0-486-66110-5