Dar al-Muwaqqit

A Dar al-Muwaqqit is a room or structure accompanying a mosque which was used by the muwaqqit or timekeeper, an officer charged with maintaining the correct times of prayer and communicating them to the muezzin (the person who issued the call to prayer).[1] Such structures were particularly distinctive in Morocco where they were added to many historic mosques.

The Dar al-Muwaqqit of the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque (marked by the double-arched window overlooking the courtyard)

Notable examples of Dar al-Muwaqqits
The clock inside the Dar al-Muwaqqit of the Qarawiyyin Mosque

Dar al-Muwaqqit of the Qarawiyyin Mosque

The Dar al-Muwaqqit of Fes's most important mosque was added by the Marinids in 1286 when renovations were carried out on the mosque's old minaret.[2]:62 The chamber was equipped with astrolabes and all manner of scientific equipment of the era in order to aid in this task.[2] It also housed a number of historical water clocks mentioned in historical sources, of which one survives today. The first was commissioned by the Marinid Sultan Abu Yusuf Ya'qub in the 13th century and designed by Muhammad ibn al-Habbak, a faqih and muwaqqit.[3][4] Another one was constructed on the orders of Sultan Abu Sa'id in 1317 and was restored in 1346.[2]:62[5]:492 However, the only one to survive today (though no longer functional) is the water clock of Al-Laja'i. It was made on the order of the Sultan Abu Salim Ali II (r. 1359-1361) by the muwaqqit Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman al-Laja'i (d. 1370). Al-Laja'i had studied mathematics with Ibn al-Banna al-Marrakushi at the Al-Attarine Madrasa. The clock was finished and put in place on 20 November 1361, two months after the death of the sultan.[6][7]

The Borj Neffara or Dar al-Muwaqqit of Fes
The tower of Borj Neffara in Fes
Main article: Borj Neffara

Another structure known as the "Dar al-Muwaqqit" across the street from the Qarawiyyin Mosque by sultan Abu Inan in the mid-14th century.[8] It includes a prominent tower known as the Borj Neffara, which is often mistaken for a minaret.[9] The structure consists of a house with two floors arranged around a central courtyard, with the tower rising on the house's southern side.[9][8] The tower is reported to have served several functions, including as fire lookout tower, but the principal function appears to have been as a platform for astronomical observation carried out by the muwaqqit.[9][10]

Dar al-Magana at the Bou Inania Madrasa
Remains of the hydraulic clock on the facade of the Dar al-Magana in Fes
Main article: Dar al-Magana

The Dar al-Magana is a house on Tala'a Kebira street in Fes which stands opposite the Bou Inania Madrasa and Mosque. The structure is believed to have also been built by Abu Inan alongside his madrasa complex, with one chronicler (al-Djazna'i) reporting that it was completed on May 6, 1357 (14 Djumada al-awwal, 758 AH).[5]:492 Its street facade features a famous but poorly-understood hydraulic clock, which was overseen by the mosque's muwaqqit (timekeeper). The Bou Inania's clock may have followed similar principles as the earlier water clock built for the Dar al-Muwaqqit of the Qarawiyyin Mosque by Sultan Abu Said in 1317.[5]

Other Dar al-Muwaqqits in Morocco
The 18th-century Dar al-Muwaqqit of the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II in Fes, marked by the ornate upper-floor window on the left, next to the minaret

Many mosques in Morocco had a dedicated Dar al-Muwaqqit, especially from the Marinid period onward. Like the one found in the Qarawiyyin Mosque, they were almost always adjoined to the mosque's minaret, often on a second floor above the gallery overlooking the mosque's sahn (courtyard), and marked by an ornate double-arched window. The Dar al-Muwaqqit of the Grand Mosque of Fes el-Jdid, built around 1276, may have been the earliest example of this type of chamber in Marinid architecture, and served as a model for the one built soon after at the Qarawiyyin Mosque.[11][2]:62 Other later examples include the Dar al-Muwaqqit of the Alaouite-era Lalla Aouda Mosque in Meknes (between 1672 and 1678 under Sultan Moulay Isma'il)[12] and the Dar al-Muwaqqit of the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II in Fes (probably from its expansion by Moulay Isma'il between 1717 and 1720).[13][14][15] The Dar al-Muwaqqit of the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II is also notable for featuring marble spolia from the Saadian palaces of Marrakesh (from the Badi Palace or another structure), looted by Sultan Moulay Isma'il.[15]:271

See also

References
  1. Renaud, H. P.-J. "Astronomie et Astrologie marocaine", in: Hesperis XXIX, 1942 pp. 41 -63
  2. Terrasse, Henri (1968). La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
  3. Rius-Piniés, Mònica; Puig-Aguilar, Roser (2015). "Al-Asf ī's Description of the Zāwiya Nasiriyya: The Use of Buildings as Astronomical Tools". Journal for the History of Astronomy: 1–18.
  4. Price, Derek J. de Solla (1964). "Mechanical Water Clocks of the 14th Century in Fez, Morocco". Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of the History of Science Ithaca, 26 August-2 September 1962. Hermann Publisher. pp. 599–602.
  5. Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014). Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne. Paris: Louvre éditions. ISBN 9782350314907.
  6. "La clepsydre d'Al Lajaï 763/1361"". Mémorial du Maroc. 3: 66–69.
  7. Hill, Donald R. (1997). "Clocks and watches". In Selin, Helaine (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 209.
  8. "La magnifique rénovation des 27 monuments de Fès – Conseil Régional du Tourisme (CRT) de Fès" (in French). Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  9. Dar Al Mouaqqit (Information plaque). On the street below the tower, just opposite the Bab Chemaine gate of the Qarawiyyin Mosque: ADER-Fes. November 2014.
  10. Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. p. 132.
  11. Maslow, Boris (1937). Les mosquées de Fès et du nord du Maroc. Paris: Éditions d'art et d'histoire. pp. 38–53.
  12. El Khammar, Abdeltif (2017). "La mosquée de Lālla ʿAwda à Meknès: Histoire, architecture et mobilier en bois". Hespéris-Tamuda. LII (3): 255–275.
  13. Métalsi, Mohamed (2003). Fès: La ville essentielle. Paris: ACR Édition Internationale. pp. 192–194. ISBN 978-2867701528.
  14. Gaudio, Attilio (1982). Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique. Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. pp. 123–131. ISBN 2723301591.
  15. Salmon, Xavier (2016). Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650. Paris: LienArt. ISBN 9782359061826.
  • Two photos of the clock, click on 'La Clepsydre Al-Lijai'. Notice the 12 doors under and above the disk. The red wooden structure in the right hand photo is the top part of the clock. (retrieved on November 20, 2008)
  • La Qaraouiyine, the clock is at bottom of the page, click to enlarge (retrieved November 20, 2008)
  • "Zayd : Abderrahmane AL LAJAI AL FASSI"on eljai.com

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