Cupan languages

The Cupan languages is a branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family that comprises Cupeño, Ivilyuat (Cahuilla), Luiseño-Juaneño, and perhaps Nicoleño, all historically spoken in southern California.

Cupan
Geographic
distribution		southern California
Linguistic classificationUto-Aztecan
  • Northern
    • Cupan
Subdivisions
Glottologcupa1239[1]
Historical extent of Cupan languages

The branch had long been considered to be part of the Takic subgroup, but there is doubt about the validity of Takic as a genetic unit, the similarities between the languages classed as Takic possibly being due primarily to borrowing.[2][3]

Languages and dialects
  • Luiseño-Juaneño language
  • Ivilyuat (also known as Cahuilla)
    • Mountain Cahuilla dialect[4]
    • Pass Cahuilla dialect (also known as Wanikik)[5] †
    • Desert Cahuilla dialect
  • Cupeño †
    • Cupa dialect[6] †
    • Wilaqalpa dialect †
    • Paluqla dialect †

(†) – Extinct language

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Cupan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Shaul, D. L. (2014). A Prehistory of Western North America: The Impact of Uto-Aztecan Languages. UNM Press.
  3. Hill, J. H. (2011). "Subgrouping in Uto-Aztecan". Language Dynamics and Change, 1(2), 241-278.
  4. Golla, Victor (2011-08-02). California Indian Languages. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26667-4.
  5. Mamet, Ingo (2008). Man-bear travels to hell: aspects of the phonological description of a Cahuilla narrative. LINCOM GmbH.
  6. Hill, Jane H. (2005). A Grammar of Cupeño. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24637-9.
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