Cross of Peñalba

The Cross of Peñalba is a 10th-century votive cross given by Ramiro II of Leon to Genadio of Astorga, abbot of the monastery of Santiago de Peñalba, in gratitude for the assistance of St James in the Battle of Simancas in 939 against Abd-ar-Rahman III.

Cross of Peñalba

Bibliography

García Gómez, Emilio (1950). Una Crónica anónima de Abd al-Rahman III al-Nasir. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. ISBN 978-84-00-00271-8
Sánchez-Albornoz, Claudio (1969). León y su historia: miscelánea histórica. Tomo I. Centro de Estudios e Investigación San Isidoro/Patronato José María Cuadrado. ISBN 978-84-87667-56-5
Grau Lobo, Luis A. (1993). Cruz votiva de Santiago de Peñalba. Instituto de Estudios Bercianos/Museo de León.
Rodríguez Fernández, Justiniano (1998). Ramiro II, rey de León. La Olmeda. ISBN 978-84-89915-01-5
Menéndez Pidal, Marcelino (2011). Historia de España. El Buey Mudo. ISBN 978-84-938040-9-1

References

Crux gemmata
Form of cross typical of Early Christian and Early Medieval art, where the cross, or at least its front side, is principally decorated with jewels.
6th–9th century	Cross of Justin II Cross of the Angels Cross of Agilulf Cross of Gisulf Cross of Desiderius Treasure of Guarrazar Ardennes Cross
10th century	Victory Cross Cross of Otto and Mathilde Cross of Lothair Cross of Peñalba
11th century	Cross of Mathilde Essen cross with large enamels Imperial Cross Cross of Theophanu Cross of San Salvador de Fuentes Cross of Stift Enger
12th century	Cross of Cong Cross of Adelheid Cross of Chersonesus

Christian cross variants
In modern use	Anchored/Saint Clement's Cross Anuradhapura cross Cross of the Archangels Archiepiscopal cross Armenian Cross Arrow/Barby Cross Bolnisi cross Cross bottony Branch cross Bulgarian cross Byzantine cross Calvary cross Canterbury cross Catherine wheel Caucasian Albanian Cross Celtic cross Cercelée Cross of Saint Chad Coptic cross Cross crosslet Cross crosslet fitchy Crucifix Cruciform halo Double cross Eastern Syriac cross Cross of the Evangelists Cross fitchy Cross fleury Cross fleury fitchy Saint Florian Cross Forked cross Cross fourchy Fylfot Saint George's Cross Globus cruciger Gnostic cross Grapevine/Saint Nino's Cross Greek cross Greek Orthodox cross Huguenot cross Saint James/Santiago Cross Cross of Jeremiah Jerusalem/Crusaders' cross Jerusalem cross (variant) Kingdom of Jerusalem cross Cross of Saint John Latin (Roman) cross Macedonian Cross Maltese cross Marian Cross Maronite cross Cross moline Nordic Cross Cross of Novgorod Occitan cross Papal cross Cross patonce Saint Patrick's Saltire Cross pattée Cross pattée fitchée Patriarchal cross Cross of Saint Peter Cross of Saint Philip Pommy cross Portate cross/Cross of Saint Gilbert Cross potent Cross quadrate Ringed cross Russian cross Russian Orthodox cross Cross of Salem Saltire/Saint Andrew's Cross Serbian cross Serbian Orthodox cross Saint Thomas Cross Tau Cross/Saint Anthony's Cross Western Syriac cross
Historical	Avellane cross Aviz cross Brigid's cross Carolingian cross Consecration crosses Coptic cross Cross and Crown Cuthbert's pectoral cross Early Coptic cross Engrailed cross Cross erminée Gammadion Crux gemmata Saint Julian's cross Katanga Cross Lazarus' cross Lorraine cross Cross of Neith Nestorian cross Cross of Peñalba Pierced cross Pierced cross quarterly Knights Templar cross Teutonic Order cross Two-barred cross Victory Cross Voided cross
By function	Altar cross Blessing cross Conciliation cross Crosses in heraldry Nordic Pisan High cross Market cross Mercat cross Memorial cross Mission cross Monumental cross Necklace Pectoral cross Plague cross Processional cross Rood/Triumphal cross Summit cross Wayside cross
Christograms, Chrismons	Chi Rho Christogram IX monogram Labarum Signum manus Staurogram/Monogrammatic cross/Tau Rho
See also	Ankh Armenian eternity sign Balkenkreuz Ichthys Irminsul Kolovrat Mjölnir Rose Cross Rota Solomon's knot Sauwastika Scientology cross Shamrock Shield of the Trinity Sunwheel swastika Sun cross Swastika Triskelion/Triskele Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
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