Cheilostomatida

Cheilostomatida is an order of Bryozoa in the class Gymnolaemata.[1]

Cheilostomatida
Temporal range: Late Jurassic–Recent
Schizoporella with serpulid tubes; Cape Cod Bay, Duck Creek, near Wellfleet, Massachusetts.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Clade: Lophophorata
Phylum: Bryozoa
Class: Gymnolaemata
Order: Cheilostomatida
Busk, 1852
Suborders
Synonyms
  • Anasca: synonym of Flustrina
  • Acophora: synonym of Flustrina
  • Ascophorina: synonym of Flustrina
  • Neocheilostomatina: synonym of Flustrina

They are exclusively marine, colonial invertebrate animals. Cheilostome colonies are composed of calcium carbonate and grow on a variety of surfaces, including rocks, shells, seagrass and kelps. The colony shapes range from simple encrusting sheets to erect branching and even unattached forms. As in other bryozoan groups, each colony is composed of a few to thousands of individual polypides. Each individual has a U-shaped gut, and no respiratory, circulatory, or nerve system. Unique among bryozoans, cheilostome polypides are housed in a box-shaped zooids, which do not grow larger once the zooid is mature. The opening of through which the polypide protrudes is protected by a calcareous or chitinous lidlike structure, an operculum. Cheilostomes possess avicularia, which have modified the operculum into a range of mandibles (possibly for defense) or hair-like setae (possibly for cleaning).

The cheilostomes are the most abundant and varied of modern bryozoans. The classification in suborders is based upon frontal calcification and the mechanism of lophophore protrusion.

Evolution

Cheilostomes first appeared in the Late Jurassic (Pyriporopsis) but diversified very slowly during the Early Cretaceous, with only 1 family known up to the Albian. During the Late Cretaceous, cheilostomes diversified rapidly to reach a level of more than 20 families in the Maastrichtian. This diversification is thought to be a consequence of the evolution of a new larval type.[2] Though the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event had some impact on genetic diversity, the rapid diversification continued into the Eocene, then apparently reaching a plateau of about 50 families up to the Recent.

References
  1. WoRMS (2020). Cheilostomatida. Accessed at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110722 on 2020-02-12
  2. Taylor, P.D., 1988. Major radiations of cheilostome bryozoans: triggered by the evolution of a new larval type? Historical Biology 1: 45-64
  • Hayward, P.J. (2001). Bryozoa, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 325–333
  • Clarke, A.; Johnston, N.M. (2003). Antarctic marine benthic diversity. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review. 41: 47-114.
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