Careproctus

Careproctus
	Careproctus rastrinus at Numazu Deepblue Aquarium, Japan
	Unidentified Careproctus from the Beaufort Sea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Scorpaeniformes
Family:	Liparidae
Genus:	Careproctus; Krøyer, 1862
Type species
	Liparis reinhardti; Krøyer, 1862
Synonyms
	Enantioliparis Vaillant, 1888; Allochir Jordan & Evermann, 1896; Allinectes Jordan & Evermann, 1898; Allurus Jordan & Evermann, 1896; Caremitra Jordan & Evermann, 1896; Careproctula Andriashev, 2003; Enantioliparis Vaillant, 1888; Prognurus Jordan & Gilbert, 1898

Careproctus is a genus of snailfishes found in benthic and benthopelagic habitats in the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic and Southern Oceans. Whether they truly are absent from the Indian Ocean, except for a couple of species in Subantarctic waters, is unknown and might be an artifact of limited sampling.[1] They range from shallow coastal seas in the far north of their range to the abyssal zone, at depths of 6 to 5,459 m (20–17,910 ft).[1][2] In the Northern Hemisphere they mostly live shallower than Paraliparis, but this pattern is reversed in the Southern Hemisphere. Although almost entirely restricted to very cold waters, a single species, C. hyaleius, lives at hydrothermal vents.[1]

Careproctus have one pair of nostrils and a ventral suction disc but lack a pseudobranch.[3] They are tadpole-like in shape and reach up to 54 cm (1.8 ft) in standard length, but most species are far smaller.[4] Like other snailfish, they lack scales and have a loose gelatinous skin; in a few species covered in prickly spines.[2]

Most species of Careproctus are poorly known, but they feed on small animals and some have unusual breeding behaviors: At least C. ovigerus appears to be a mouth brooder where the eggs are carried and develop in the males' mouth.[5] C. fulvus has a commensal relationship with glass sponges, laying their eggs in the paragastral cavity.[6] Several other Careproctus species are parasitic on king crabs (at least Lithodes, Neolithodes and Paralithodes, and likely Lopholithodes), laying their egg mass in the gill chamber of the crab, forming a well-protected and well-aerated mobile "home" until they hatch.[1][7][8] As far as known, these parasitic Careproctus are not host specific, but will use various king crab species, and on occasion an individual king crab may even carry the eggs of more than one Careproctus species at the same time.[8] Additionally, small Careproctus—no more than 9 cm (3.5 in) long—have been seen together with Lithodes and Paralomis king crabs, hitching rides by attaching themselves to the crab's legs or back.[1] In contrast, a C. reinhardti (species complex[2]) in an aquarium deposited its eggs on the glass, but whether this resembles its wild behavior is unknown.[9]

Careproctus attenuatus

Careproctus bowersianus

Careproctus furcellus

Careproctus mollis

Careproctus opisthotremus

Careproctus ranula

Careproctus reinhardti

Species

There are currently about 125 recognized species in this genus,[4][10] but new species are regularly described and it is likely to actually contain more than 140.[11] It formerly also included the species now separated in the genus Volodichthys.[12]

Careproctus abbreviatus Burke, 1930
Careproctus acaecus Andriashev, 1991 (Appendage-less snailfish)
Careproctus acanthodes C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912 (Toge snailfish)[11]
Careproctus aciculipunctatus Andriashev & Chernova, 1997 (Finely-speckled snailfish)
Careproctus acifer Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus aculeolatus Andriashev, 1991 (Small-spine snailfish)
Careproctus albescens Barnard, 1927
Careproctus ampliceps Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus armatus Andriashev, 1991
Careproctus atakamensis Andriashev, 1998
Careproctus atrans Andriashev, 1991 (Black snailfish)
Careproctus attenuatus C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912
Careproctus aureomarginatus Andriashev, 1991 (Marginate snailfish)
Careproctus bathycoetus C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912
Careproctus batialis Popov, 1933
Careproctus bowersianus C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912
Careproctus cactiformis Andriashev, 1990
Careproctus canus Kido, 1985
Careproctus carinatus Chernova, 2014 (Keel-belly snailfish)[13]
Careproctus colletti C. H. Gilbert, 1896 (Alaska snailfish)
Careproctus comus J. W. Orr & Maslenikov, 2007 (Comic snailfish)
Careproctus continentalis Andriashev & Prirodina, 1990
Careproctus credispinulosus Andriashev & Prirodina, 1990
Careproctus crozetensis Duhamel & N. J. King, 2007
Careproctus curilanus C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912
Careproctus cyclocephalus Kido, 1983
Careproctus cypseluroides P. Y. Schmidt, 1950
Careproctus cypselurus (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1898)
Careproctus derjugini Chernova, 2005 (Derjugin's snailfish)
Careproctus discoveryae Duhamel & N. J. King, 2007
Careproctus dubius Zugmayer, 1911 (Doubtful snailfish)
Careproctus ectenes C. H. Gilbert, 1896
Careproctus eltaninae Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus falklandica (Lönnberg, 1905)
Careproctus faunus J. W. Orr & Maslenikov, 2007 (Mischievous snailfish)
Careproctus fedorovi Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus filamentosus Stein, 1978
Careproctus fulvus Chernova, 2014 (Fulvous snailfish)[6]
Careproctus furcellus C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912
Careproctus georgianus Lönnberg, 1905
Careproctus gilberti Burke, 1912 (Small-disk snailfish)
Careproctus griseldea Lloris, 1982
Careproctus guillemi Matallanas, 1998
Careproctus homopterus C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912
Careproctus hyaleius Geistdoerfer, 1994
Careproctus improvisus Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus inflexidens Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus kamikawai J. W. Orr, 2012 (Arbiter snailfish)[14]
Careproctus karaensis Chernova, 2014 (Kara snailfish)[13]
Careproctus kidoi Knudsen & Møller, 2008 (Kido's snailfish)
Careproctus knipowitschi Chernova, 2005 (Knipowitsch's snailfish)
Careproctus lacmi Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus latiosus Andriashev & Chernova, 2011 (Broad-mouth snailfish)
Careproctus leptorhinus Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus lerikimae J. W. Orr, Y. Kai & Nakabo, 2015 (Dusty snailfish)[11]
Careproctus longifilis Garman, 1892
Careproctus longipectoralis Duhamel, 1992
Careproctus longipinnis Burke, 1912 (Long-feather snailfish)
Careproctus lycopersicus J. W. Orr, 2012[14]
Careproctus macranchus Andriashev, 1991
Careproctus macrodiscus P. Y. Schmidt, 1950
Careproctus macrophthalmus Chernova, 2005 (Big-eye snailfish)
Careproctus maculosus Stein, 2006
Careproctus magellanicus Matallanas & Pequeño, 2000
Careproctus marginatus Kido, 1988
Careproctus mederi P. Y. Schmidt, 1916
Careproctus melanuroides P. Y. Schmidt, 1950
Careproctus melanurus C. H. Gilbert, 1892 (Black-tail snailfish)
Careproctus merretti Andriashev & Chernova, 1988 (Merret's snailfish)
Careproctus mica Chernova, 2014 (Babbie snailfish)[13]
Careproctus micropus (Günther, 1887) (Small-eye snailfish)
Careproctus microstomus Stein, 1978
Careproctus minimus Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus mollis C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912
Careproctus moskalevi Andriashev & Chernova, 2012 (Moskalev's snailfish)
Careproctus narilobus Stein, 2012[15]
Careproctus nigricans P. Y. Schmidt, 1950
Careproctus notosaikaiensis Y. Kai, Ikeguchi & Nakabo, 2011
Careproctus novaezelandiae Andriashev, 1990
Careproctus opisthotremus C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912
Careproctus oregonensis Stein, 1978 (Small-fin snailfish)
Careproctus ostentum C. H. Gilbert, 1896
Careproctus ovigerus (C. H. Gilbert, 1896) (Abyssal snailfish)
Careproctus pallidus (Vaillant, 1888)
Careproctus parvidiscus Imamura & Nobetsu, 2002
Careproctus parviporatus Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus patagonicus Matallanas & Pequeño, 2000
Careproctus paxtoni Stein, Chernova & Andriashev, 2001 (Blunt-tooth snailfish)
Careproctus pellucicauda Stein, 2012[15]
Careproctus pellucidus C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912 (Pellucid snailfish)[11]
Careproctus phasma C. H. Gilbert, 1896 (Spectral snailfish)[11]
Careproctus polarsterni Duhamel, 1992
Careproctus profundicola Duhamel, 1992
Careproctus pseudoprofundicola Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus pycnosoma C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912
Careproctus ranula (Goode & T. H. Bean, 1879) (Froggy snailfish)
Careproctus rastrinoides P. Y. Schmidt, 1950
Careproctus rastrinus C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912 (Salmon snailfish)[11]
Careproctus rausuensis Machi, Nobetsu & Yabe, 2012[16]
Careproctus reinhardti (Krøyer, 1862) (Sea tadpole)
Careproctus rhodomelas C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912
Careproctus rimiventris Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus rosa Chernova, 2014 (Rose snailfish)[13]
Careproctus roseofuscus C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912 (Round snailfish)
Careproctus rotundifrons H. Sakurai & Shinohara, 2008
Careproctus sandwichensis Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus scaphopterus Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus scottae W. M. Chapman & DeLacy, 1934 (Peach-skin snailfish)[11]
Careproctus segaliensis C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912
Careproctus seraphimae P. Y. Schmidt, 1950
Careproctus simus C. H. Gilbert, 1896
Careproctus sinensis C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912
Careproctus solidus Chernova, 1999 (Firm-body snailfish)
Careproctus spectrum T. H. Bean, 1890 (Stippled snailfish)[11]
Careproctus steini Andriashev & Prirodina, 1990
Careproctus stigmatogenus Stein, 2006
Careproctus tapirus Chernova, 2005 (Tapir snailfish)
Careproctus telescopus Chernova, 2005 (Telescope snailfish)
Careproctus trachysoma C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912 (Rough snailfish)[11]
Careproctus tricapitidens Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus uter Chernova, 2014 (Drop-shaped snailfish)[13]
Careproctus vladibeckeri Andriashev & Stein, 1998
Careproctus zachirus Kido, 1985
Careproctus zispi Andriashev & Stein, 1998

References

Priede, I.G. (2017). Deep-Sea Fishes: Biology, Diversity, Ecology and Fisheries. Cambridge University Press. pp. 260–262. ISBN 978-1-107-08382-0.
Chernova, N.V. (2005). "Review of Careproctus (Liparidae) of the North Atlantic and adjacent Arctic, including the generic type C. reinhardti, with rehabilitation of C. gelatinosus (Pallas) from Kamchatka". Journal of Ichthyology. 45 (1): S1–S22.
Careproctus at Marine Species Identification Portal
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). Species of Careproctus in FishBase. June 2019 version.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). "Careproctus ovigerus" in FishBase. June 2019 version.
Chernova, N.V. (2014): New species of the genus Careproctus (Liparidae) from the Kara Sea with notes on spongiophilia, reproductive commensalism between fishes and sponges (Rossellidae). Journal of Ichthyology, 54 (8): 501-512.
Ahyong, S.T. (2010). "Neolithodes flindersi, a new species of king crab from southeastern Australia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Lithodidae)". Zootaxa. 45 (2362): 55–62.
Gardner, J.R.; J.W. Orr; D.E. Stevenson; I. Spies; D.A. Somerton (2016). "Reproductive Parasitism between Distant Phyla: Molecular Identification of Snailfish (Liparidae) Egg Masses in the Gill Cavities of King Crabs (Lithodidae)". Copeia. 104 (3): 645–657. doi:10.1643/CI-15-374.
Chernova, N.V. (1991). "Aquarium observations of the snail fishes Careproctus reinhardti and Liparis liparis". Journal of Ichthyology. 31 (9): 65–70.
Eschmeyer, W. N.; R. Fricke & R. van der Laan (eds.). "Careproctus species". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
Orr, J.W.; Kai, Y. & Nakabo, T. (2015). "Snailfishes of the Careproctus rastrinus complex (Liparidae): redescriptions of seven species in the North Pacific Ocean region, with the description of a new species from the Beaufort Sea" (PDF). Zootaxa. 4018 (3): 301–348.
Balushkin, A.V. (2012). "Volodichthys gen. nov. New Species of the Primitive Snailfish (Liparidae: Scorpaeniformes) of the Southern Hemisphere. Description of New Species V. solovjevae sp. nov. (Cooperation Sea, the Antarctic)". Journal of Ichthyology. 52 (1): 1–10.
Chernova, N.V. (2014): New species of the genus Careproctus (Liparidae) from the Kara Sea and identification key for congeners of the North Atlantic and Arctic. Journal of Ichthyology, 54 (10): 757-780.
Orr, J.W. (2012): Two New Species of Snailfishes of the Genus Careproctus (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from the Bering Sea and Eastern North Pacific Ocean, with a Redescription of Careproctus ovigerus. Copeia, 2012 (2): 257-265.
Stein, D.L. (2012): A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species. Zootaxa, 3588: 1–54.
Machi, K., Nobetsu, T. & Yabe, M. (2012): Careproctus rausuensis, a New Liparid Fish (Percomorphacea: Cottiformes), Collected from Hokkaido, Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, Ser. A., Supplement No. 6: 33–40.

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[Priede2017-1] Priede, I.G. (2017). Deep-Sea Fishes: Biology, Diversity, Ecology and Fisheries. Cambridge University Press. pp. 260–262. ISBN 978-1-107-08382-0.

[Chernova2005-2] Chernova, N.V. (2005). "Review of Careproctus (Liparidae) of the North Atlantic and adjacent Arctic, including the generic type C. reinhardti, with rehabilitation of C. gelatinosus (Pallas) from Kamchatka". Journal of Ichthyology. 45 (1): S1–S22.

[3] Careproctus at Marine Species Identification Portal

[fishbase-4] Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). Species of Careproctus in FishBase. June 2019 version.

[5] Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). "Careproctus ovigerus" in FishBase. June 2019 version.

[Chernova2014a-6] Chernova, N.V. (2014): New species of the genus Careproctus (Liparidae) from the Kara Sea with notes on spongiophilia, reproductive commensalism between fishes and sponges (Rossellidae). Journal of Ichthyology, 54 (8): 501-512.

[Ahyong2010-7] Ahyong, S.T. (2010). "Neolithodes flindersi, a new species of king crab from southeastern Australia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Lithodidae)". Zootaxa. 45 (2362): 55–62.

[Gardner2016-8] Gardner, J.R.; J.W. Orr; D.E. Stevenson; I. Spies; D.A. Somerton (2016). "Reproductive Parasitism between Distant Phyla: Molecular Identification of Snailfish (Liparidae) Egg Masses in the Gill Cavities of King Crabs (Lithodidae)". Copeia. 104 (3): 645–657. doi:10.1643/CI-15-374.

[9] Chernova, N.V. (1991). "Aquarium observations of the snail fishes Careproctus reinhardti and Liparis liparis". Journal of Ichthyology. 31 (9): 65–70.

[10] Eschmeyer, W. N.; R. Fricke & R. van der Laan (eds.). "Careproctus species". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 June 2019.

[Orr2015-11] Orr, J.W.; Kai, Y. & Nakabo, T. (2015). "Snailfishes of the Careproctus rastrinus complex (Liparidae): redescriptions of seven species in the North Pacific Ocean region, with the description of a new species from the Beaufort Sea" (PDF). Zootaxa. 4018 (3): 301–348.

[12] Balushkin, A.V. (2012). "Volodichthys gen. nov. New Species of the Primitive Snailfish (Liparidae: Scorpaeniformes) of the Southern Hemisphere. Description of New Species V. solovjevae sp. nov. (Cooperation Sea, the Antarctic)". Journal of Ichthyology. 52 (1): 1–10.

[Chernova2014-13] Chernova, N.V. (2014): New species of the genus Careproctus (Liparidae) from the Kara Sea and identification key for congeners of the North Atlantic and Arctic. Journal of Ichthyology, 54 (10): 757-780.

[Orr2012-14] Orr, J.W. (2012): Two New Species of Snailfishes of the Genus Careproctus (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from the Bering Sea and Eastern North Pacific Ocean, with a Redescription of Careproctus ovigerus. Copeia, 2012 (2): 257-265.

[Stein2012-15] Stein, D.L. (2012): A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species. Zootaxa, 3588: 1–54.

[Machi2012-16] Machi, K., Nobetsu, T. & Yabe, M. (2012): Careproctus rausuensis, a New Liparid Fish (Percomorphacea: Cottiformes), Collected from Hokkaido, Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, Ser. A., Supplement No. 6: 33–40.